Morphological and cellular diversity of magnetotactic bacteria: A review

Abstract

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are getting much attention in the recent years due to the biomineralization in their magnetosomes (MS). MS are unique organelles that are bio-mineralized due to MTB. MS contains nanosized crystal minerals of magnetite or greigite covered by bilayer lipid membrane, which are originated from cytoplasmic membrane (CM). MS are organized as an ordered chain into the cell which acts as a miniature compass needle. Furthermore, the biodiversity of MTB and their distribution is principally linked with the characteristics and growths of the MS. MTB are often considered as a part of the bacterial biomass from all of the aquatic environments. There have been a lot of genes that control the functions of MTB by accumulating as clusters of genomes such as magnetosomes genomic island (MAI). Therefore, in the present review, the function of the genes and proteins has been highlighted, which are mainly associated with the construction and formation of MS. In addition, the biodiversity, morphology and cell biology of MTB is discussed in greater detail to understand the formation of MS crystals by MTB.

Microbe‐Mediated Extracellular and Intracellular Mineralization: Environmental, Industrial, and Biotechnological Applications

“…[ 38 ] The predominant bacteria involved include α‐ Proteobacteria , δ‐ Proteobacteria , γ‐ Proteobacteria , and Nitrospira sp. [ 39–42 ] These bacteria have been observed in a wide range of ecosystems, ranging from marine sediments, lagoons, ponds, soils to some extreme environments. [ 43–47 ] Other nonbacterial prokaryotes such as sulfur‐reducing, hyperthermophilic, heterotrophic archaea can also produce greigite.…”

Bacterium, Fungus, and Virus Microorganisms for Energy Storage and Conversion

“…However, despite these omnibearing characteristics, the cultures of the magnetotactic bacteria are relatively difficult and complex, further hindering their practical applications. [77] As is well known, the magnetotactic bacteria are redox gradient lovers, which is hard to be realized in the laboratory. Additionally, the design and precise control of the oxic/anoxic interface is another problem for large-scale republication.…”

Development and application of novel bio-magnetic membrane capsules for the removal of the cationic dye malachite green in wastewater treatment

“…15,16 Among them, adsorption is considered comparatively superior in terms of high efficiency, low cost, easy installation and easy operation over other technologies. [17][18][19][20] In the past, a variety of adsorbents have been utilized to remove different kinds of toxic dyes, including agricultural waste material (rice husk, pinewood, orange peel, peanut hull, banana pith and jute ber), red mud, cellulose, zeolite, ion-exchange resins, activated carbon, clay, chitosan, graphene oxide (GO) and its composites/ derivatives, and so forth. 21 However, some specic issues (low kinetics, poor stability, low removal performance, nonenvironmental friendliness and lack of reusability) are hampering its employment for commercial applications.…”

“…Mostly green magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been utilized at lab-scale to remove toxic dyes and metal ions from wastewater. [17][18][19][20] However, MNPs are showing low removal performance, low adsorptive capacity and poor stability for long-term applications due to their oxidation in water treatment. Thus, these disadvantages have hampered the transfer of green nanotechnology from the lab-scale to the commercial scale and various kinds of coating technologies have been used to improve the stability, but they could not enhance the adsorptive capacity.…”