Morphological and chemical studies on the pygidial defence glands of some Carabidae (Coleoptera)

Catalogue of the Geadephaga (Coleoptera: Trachypachidae, Rhysodidae, Carabidae Including Cicindelini) of America North of Mexico

“…Two major groups of species are distinguished by defensive secretion of the pygidial glands (see Schildknecht et al 1968;Kanehisa and Murase 1977;Moore 1979;Balestrazzi et al 1985): one group secretes phenol, like panagaeines; the other secretes quinone. In the first group, the secretory lobes of the pygidial glands are elongate and in the second group, they are shorter and thicker (Kanehisa and Shiraga 1978).…”

The Mitochondrial Genome of Amara aulica (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalinae) and Insights into the Phylogeny of Ground Beetles

“…Moreover, the clade (Trechinae + (Brachininae + Harpalinae)) was consistently recovered in all analyses.Genes 2020, 11, 181 2 of 17 a sister group of Trachypachidae [17]. Studies on morphology of defense glands [18][19][20] and those on karyotypes [21,22] of some carabid species also contributed to understanding of the phylogeny of Carabidae.Molecular data can be used to address problems when morphological evidence have been conflicting or difficult to interpret. Based on 18S rDNA sequences, Maddison et al (1999) supported Carabidae (including cicindelines, rhysodines and paussines) as monophyletic and that Brachinini probably was a sister group to Harpalinae [23].…”

Defensive Secretions of the Carabid Beetle Chlaenius cordicollis: Chemical Components and their Geographic Patterns of Variation

“…Phenolic minor components have been reported only once previously in defensive secretions of Chlaenius species that produce 3-methylphenol: the secretion of C. velutinus is 95% 3-methylphenol, 2% 2,5-dimethylphenol, and 1% 3,5-methylphenol (Balestrazzi et al, 1985). Thus, the defensive secretions of C. cordicollis and C. velutinus have 2,5-dimethylphenol in common, but 3,5-dimethylphenol was not detected from C. cordicollis.…”

“…Several of these studies noted the presence of other compounds, although these were rarely identified. Exceptions are Moore (1979), who reported small proportions of several unsaturated hydrocarbons from C. australis Dejean and C. greyanus White, and Balestrazzi et al (1985), who reported phenolic and aliphatic minor components from C. velutinus Duftschmidt.…”

“…Within Carabidae, defensive secretions dominated by 3-methylphenol are restricted to the subfamily Panageinae and to four genera of the subfamily Chlaeniinae; these include Chlaenius Bonelli (sensu stricto), but exclude the quinone-producing genus Chlaeniellus Reitter (Bousquet, 1987), which some regard as a subgenus of Chlaenius. To date, within the genus Chlaenius (sensu stricto), 3-methylphenol has been reported as the major defensive component for 22 species (Moore and Wallbank, 1968;Schildknecht et al, 1968;Kanehisa and Murase, 1977;Moore, 1979;Balestrazzi et al, 1985). Several of these studies noted the presence of other compounds, although these were rarely identified.…”