Morphological and Genetical Differentiation of Lizards (Podarcis bocagei and P. hispanica) in the Ria de Arosa Archipelago (Galicia, Spain) resulting from Vicariance and Occasional Dispersal

Arntzen, Jan W.; Sá-Sousa, Paulo

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_12

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The most plausible hypothesis on the biogeographical history of Podarcis in the Ria de Arosa Archipelago (Pinho et al ., 2002; Arntzen & Sá‐Sousa, 2007) is that P. hispanica was present on the proto‐islands when the Ria was formed at the end of the last glacial period (14 000 years bp ) and that P. bocagei colonized the eastern part of Ria during a cold period that lasted from the 15th to the 19th century (Pethick, 1984; Dias et al ., 2000). This ‘Little Ice Age’ involved a temporary decline in the sea level, with which islands over the current 10 m isobath became temporarily reconnected to the mainland.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Island and mainland localities with lizards ( Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis hispanica ) studied are indicated by numbers (1–13) and letters (a–o), respectively. See Table 1 and Arntzen & Sá‐Sousa (2007) for details.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…comm., 2005). Because P. bocagei is a recent invader of the area whereas P. hispanica is autochthonous for longer (Pinho, Ferrand & Harris, 2006;Arntzen & S´a-Sousa, 2007), a fourth hypothesis to be tested is that FA will be higher in P. hispanica than in P. bocagei.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluctuating asymmetry is a function of population isolation in island lizards

et al. 2010

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We measured the level of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in head shape, head scalation and femoral pores in two lizard species (Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis hispanica) from 13 islands and 15 mainland localities in the Ria de Arosa archipelago of north-western Spain. Given the recent geological history of the region, the degree of isolation to which lizard populations have been subjected can be ordered along a spatio-temporal gradient, yielding the following hypotheses to be tested: FA will be higher (1) in island populations than in mainland populations; (2) on remote islands than on islands close to the mainland; (3) on small islands than on large islands. Molecular genetic data suggest that P. hispanica is autochthonous in the Ria de Arosa, whereas P. bocagei is a more recent arrival. Therefore, we predict also (4) a higher level of FA in P. hispanica than in P. bocagei. Statistically significant results were obtained for head-shape asymmetry, supporting the second and the fourth hypotheses. With an overall meristic asymmetry index, none of the hypotheses were corroborated, whereas for certain independent meristic traits, the first, the third and the fourth hypotheses were partially supported. Both head shape and meristic traits constitute precise measures of FA, but FA is more convincingly expressed in head shape and in single meristic traits than in overall meristic traits asymmetry. We conclude that FA reflects population isolation and may be a good indicator of developmental instability. It seems worthwhile to test for FA in a landlocked system under environmental and genetic stress, for the purpose of conservation biological assessments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluctuating asymmetry is a function of population isolation in island lizards

et al. 2010

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“…All the new samples used in the present study are described in Table 1. Additionally to the new sampling, we compiled all published data including mtDNA sequences from the Iberian and North African group of Podarcis wall lizards, for which detailed geographical information was available (Castilla et al ., 1998a, b; Harris & Arnold, 1999; Oliverio et al ., 2000; Harris & Sá‐Sousa, 2001, 2002; Harris et al ., 2002a, b; Carranza, Arnold & Amat, 2004; Busack et al ., 2005; Pinho et al ., 2006, 2007a, b, 2008; Renoult, 2006; Sanz‐Azkue et al ., 2006; Arntzen & Sá‐Sousa, 2007; Lima et al ., 2009; Renoult et al ., 2009, 2010b), aiming to obtain a complete image of the distribution of existing lineages.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

When cryptic diversity blurs the picture: a cautionary tale from Iberian and North African Podarcis wall lizards

Kaliontzopoulou

Pinho²,

Harris³

et al. 2011

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

103

116

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Evolutionary inference based on molecular phylogenetic methods has profoundly modified the way that we understand biological diversity, unravelling a higher evolutionary diversity than previously considered. An exemplary case of this is the group of Iberian and North African Podarcis wall lizards. More investigated than any other reptile group in Europe, the Podarcis hispanica species complex comprises unexpectedly high levels of phylogenetic diversity and illustrates how the discovery of further cryptic diversity may entangle evolutionary inference. In the present study, we report on the discovery of two new mitochondrial lineages in this species complex, reassess the phylogeny of the group, infer the age of major phylogenetic splits, and provide a detailed description of the geographical distributions of all known mitochondrial DNA lineages. Our data show that the differentiation of major lineages is older than previously considered, in most cases predating the Messinian salinity crisis. The new lineages discovered and their position in the phylogeny of the group profoundly modify previous biogeographical scenarios, clearly showing that the area today corresponding to the south-eastern corner of the Iberian Peninsula is a very important centre of diversification. The dating obtained for the differentiation of the lineages currently inhabiting this area coincides with the complex geological events that took place during the Miocene/Pleistocene transition, supporting the idea that both land movements and dramatic climatic oscillations during that period could be involved. Finally, the discovery of these new lineages, together with the observed distribution patterns, not only further augments the uncertainty associated to our understanding of the evolutionary history of this group of lizards, but also points to new areas of interest for future investigation.

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“…Both pressures can dramatically change in insularity (decreasing predation, high densities, risk of cannibalism in juveniles, increasing intraspecific competition for food and sexual partners; see Carretero 2004, 2006 andreferences therein). Because of this, Podarcis populations inhabiting small Iberian islets tend to be strikingly distinct from their mainland relatives (Castilla & Bauwens 1997;Sá-Sousa et al 2000;Galán 2003;Arntzen & Sá-Sousa 2007). Such repetitive adaptations, mainly affecting size, robustness and pigmentation, have arisen over a very short time period because the isolation or colonization of most islets dates from the end of the last glacial period and genetic distances from the continent are minimal Arntzen & Sá-Sousa 2007).…”

Section: Morphological Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated Assessment of a group with complex systematics: the Iberomaghrebian lizard genus Podarcis (Squamata, Lacertidae)

Carretero¹

2008

Integrative Zoology

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A critical review of the evolutionary biology of Iberian and North African lizard members of the genus Podarcis (Lacertidae) based on phylogeny, phylogeography, morphometrics, behavior, ecology and physiology is presented. The Iberomaghrebian region is inhabited by at least 12 different evolutionary lineages that group into a monophyletic clade (except Podarcis muralis). In contrast to the current taxonomy, the saxicolous 'Podarcis hispanica' is paraphyletic with respect to Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis carbonelli, two currently recognized species. Nodes in the phylogenetic tree are deep, resulting from old divergences, clearly preceding the Pleistocene. Nevertheless, more recent range changes as a result of glaciations are also evident. The most plausible evolutionary scenario for this group indicates both vicariant and dispersal events. Although parapatry between lineages is the rule, sympatry and even syntopy are frequent, but usually between ground-dwelling and saxicolous forms. Contacts between forms with similar habitat use are rare and local. Morphological distinctiveness between lineages has been demonstrated, indicating historical constraints. However, other characters have repeatedly evolved under similar environmental pressures independently of the evolutionary lineage. Strong sexual dimorphism derives from sexual selection and is attained before sexual maturity, although developmental restrictions exist. Variation between populations is also important and derives from local variation in both natural (habitat, climate) and sexual (density) selective pressures. Evidence for short-term changes has already been found, particularly in insular populations. Reproductive isolation between syntopic forms and partner recognition are based on male-male competition and on visual and chemical recognition of females by conspecific males. Despite this ancient diversification, most forms maintain a degree of reproductive compatibility. Hybridisation may occur, but is limited, and there is evidence of selection against hybrids. The ecological analysis presented here does not support exploitative competition, but rather behavioral interference between forms. Ecomorph classification of lineages suggests character displacement between those with extensive range overlap. Finally, a critical assessment of the specific status of all lineages is provided and directions for further research are suggested.

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Morphological and Genetical Differentiation of Lizards (Podarcis bocagei and P. hispanica) in the Ria de Arosa Archipelago (Galicia, Spain) resulting from Vicariance and Occasional Dispersal

Cited by 12 publications

References 57 publications

Fluctuating asymmetry is a function of population isolation in island lizards

Fluctuating asymmetry is a function of population isolation in island lizards

When cryptic diversity blurs the picture: a cautionary tale from Iberian and North African Podarcis wall lizards

An integrated Assessment of a group with complex systematics: the Iberomaghrebian lizard genus Podarcis (Squamata, Lacertidae)

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