Morphological and Hydrodynamic Changes in the Lower Estuary of the Senegal River: Effects on the Environment of the Breach of the ‘Langue De Barbarie’ Sand Spit in 2003

Niang, Awa; Kane, Alioune

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06388-1_3

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…In short, since the 1970s, all the variables characteristic of water regimes have been declining, resulting in the advent of drought with its dramatic consequences on land use indicators. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Analyses of land use dynamics in the upper Senegal River catchment area from 2007 to 2014 showed an increase in arable land and planted or bare land. The data collected and analysed showed a trend and increase in agricultural areas (from 10% to 17.8%, urban areas (habitats) and bare soil: from 13% to 21.8% at the expense of other categories of land use units.…”

Section: Discussion On the Rainfall Recession And Its Impacts On Watementioning

confidence: 99%

Land use dynamics in the context of variations in hydrological regimes in the upper Senegal River basin

Faty¹,

Kouamé²,

Niang³

et al. 2019

IJH

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The objective of this study is to analisis the climatic vulnerability of water resources in the Senegal iver and Gambia basins. The study concerns the analysis of rainfall data, flow rates of Modis-Terra satellite images. Time series of study data are variable. The purpose of this study is to analysis climate vulnerability on water resources in the Senegal River and Gambia basins. It is based on the exploitation, on the one hand, of the chronicles of annual rainfall amounts and annual flows of the tributaries of the Bafing at the Bafing Makana station, from Senegal at the Bakel station, from Bakoye to Oulia and from Faleme to Kidira over the period 1955-2014 and, on the other hand, of Modis-Terra satellite images from 2007 and Modis-Terra from 2014. The calculation of rainfall and hydrometric indices and the application of statistical tests made it possible to analyze hydro-pluviometric variability in the Senegal River and Gambia basins. This variability is characterized by comparable fluctuations in precipitation and runoff. The break identified on the rainfall and hydrometric series from the late 1960s onwards resulted in a rainfall deficit of 12% to 18% and a flow deficit of 66% after the break. The analysis of land use maps based on satellite imagery has made it possible to identify the dynamics of land use. This dynamic is characterized by the regression of natural plant formations in favor of anthropogenic ones. Fields and fallows experienced the greatest expansion with a rate of 7.8%, bare soils (8.8%). However, the forest and savannah experienced a decline of (-10.35%) and water bodies (-0.2%) following the 2007-2014 period. The degradation of the vegetation cover is undoubtedly one of the factors contributing to the persistence of the relatively high level of hydrometric deficit in the upper basin.

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Section: Discussion On the Rainfall Recession And Its Impacts On Watementioning

confidence: 99%

Land use dynamics in the context of variations in hydrological regimes in the upper Senegal River basin

Faty¹,

Kouamé²,

Niang³

et al. 2019

IJH

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“…The sediment load ranges from 10 6 tons in moderate flooding to 2.8 × 10 6 tons in extremely high flooding. These suspended particles are primarily made up of clay (92%), fine silt (6%), and coarse silt (2%) [19]. The following figure is about the location map of the study area.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the loss of mangrove stands, an ecosystem that provided hatching grounds for fish, and the pH reduction in the water have affected fishing operations [18]. Moreover, the Senegalese lower estuary is at a critical point in its history due to the accumulation of several risk factors, such as the development of a marine dynamic and the over-salinization of both the land and the water [19]. Extreme coastal erosion has caused a fast change in the shape of the LB sand spit [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the Senegalese lower estuary is at a critical point in its history due to the accumulation of several risk factors, such as the development of a marine dynamic and the over-salinization of both the land and the water [19]. Extreme coastal erosion has caused a fast change in the shape of the LB sand spit [19]. Climate change will accelerate the loss of biodiversity and dwindling freshwater and land resources and increase societal vulnerabilities, particularly in areas where the economies are highly dependent on natural resources [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring and Forecasting of Coastal Erosion in the Context of Climate Change in Saint Louis (Senegal)

Sarr,

Pouye,

Sene

et al. 2024

Geographies

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Owing to its unique physical and socio-economic characteristics, the Saint Louis region stands out as one of the most susceptible areas in Senegal to the adverse impacts of coastal erosion. The dynamics of erosion in this region are significantly influenced by the Langue de Barbarie (LB), a sand spit formed at the mouth of the Senegal River. Initially, in 2003, a 4 m wide artificial breach was strategically introduced to mitigate flooding; however, sediment dynamics expanded it to 6 km by 2020, thereby affecting the entire region. This study delves into the coastline change of the LB, specifically divided into three zones (LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3), spanning the period from 1994 to 2042. Leveraging Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques, our investigation reveals that, prior to the breach’s creation, the average dynamic coastline rates in zones LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3 were estimated at 4.4, 5.9, and 4.4 m/year, respectively. Subsequent to the breach, these rates shifted to −1.2, 8.4, and −2.7 m/year, with the most significant erosion observed alongshore of LB-3 at −6.6 m/year during the period 2002–2012. Projecting into 2032, LB-1 and LB-3 are anticipated to experience erosion rates of −11.5 and −26.8 m/year, respectively, while the LB-2 records an estimated accretion rate of 8.41 m/year. Eroded areas are expected to total 571,458 m2, while accumulated areas are expected to total 67,191 m2. By 2042, zones LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3 are expected to experience erosion rates of −23 and −53.6 m/year, resulting in the erosion of 1,021,963 m2 and the accumulation of 94,930 m2 with a dynamic rate of 168.2 m/year in zone LB-3. These results have significant implications for solving the urgent issue of coastal erosion in LB.

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“…5.5) but the structure was relatively stable. From 1900 to 2002, the river mouth remained in a constant position 15 km south of the City of Saint-Louis (Niang and Kane 2014). In October 2003, following an early flood, a breach has been artificially opened on the Langue de Barbarie, which has become the new mouth of the Senegal River at less than 10 km distance from St. Louis (fig.…”

Section: Dam Construction and Their Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel

Taïbi¹,

Kane²,

Bourlet³

et al. 2023

River Culture: Life as a Dance to the Rhythm of the Waters

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The Senegal River running through the arid and semi-arid parts of Senegal, Mauritania and Mali is of vital importance in this West African region. Multi-ethnic and multicultural populations have always been deeply dependent on its ecosystems and water for subsistence economies based on fishing, agriculture and livestock. Called the lifeline of the region, the Senegal River valley has experienced the earliest West African kingdoms as well as French colonization from 1624 onward, with the first French trading center at the river mouth remaining until independence in 1960. In hydrological terms, the Senegal River connects the humid upper parts of its valley with the drier basin area of its lower course, reflecting a strong climatological gradient that strongly affects biological and cultural diversity. After serious climatic changes, first apparent in 1968, that have devastated the entire valley, the riparian states of Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and later, Guinea, decided to join forces to master the availability of water and seek ways for rational and coordinated exploitation of natural resources. However, the river regulation infrastructure built (Manantali and Diama dams, dikes and other irrigation schemes) have had unforeseen environmental and socio-economical consequences along the Senegal River valley and the estuary. Among the impacts, salinization of soils, degradation of vegetation, the disappearance of native animal and plant species, diseases, the vanishing of some economic and socio-cultural activities and rural exodus, are the most important. Different protected areas have been created since the 1960s, all along the river, in part to reduce these negative impacts. However, the Senegal River currently remains a disturbed lifeline in the Sahel. Elements of the traditional cultural use of the river and respect for nature may contribute to the improvement of hydrological and hydro-agricultural schemes. Climate and hydrologySmaller tributary streams and rivers include Ferlo, Gorgol and Doué, as well as lake outflows of Lake Guiers in Senegal fed by the Ferlo River, and Lake R'Kiz in Mauritania. The Senegal River flows into the Atlantic Ocean south of the city of Saint-Louis. Each year, the river transports 22 billions m 3 of water past Bakel, considered to be the main reference station on the Senegal River due to its location below the confluence with the Faleme River, the last major tributary ( UNESCO-WWAP 2003).The atmospheric circulation in West Africa is determined by trade winds in the dry season and monsoon flows in the rainy season (fig. 5.2). All these atmospheric processes are governed by the Azores, Saint Helena high, the Saharan depression and the inter-tropical convergence zone. The monsoon winds are one of the necessary conditions for rainfall input (Nicholson 2013). However, the influence of oceanic and orographic factors are two elements to be considered in the evolution of temperatures, winds and precipitation.The average annual rainfall in the Senegal Basin is 550 mm, however there are large ...

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Morphological and Hydrodynamic Changes in the Lower Estuary of the Senegal River: Effects on the Environment of the Breach of the ‘Langue De Barbarie’ Sand Spit in 2003

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Land use dynamics in the context of variations in hydrological regimes in the upper Senegal River basin

Land use dynamics in the context of variations in hydrological regimes in the upper Senegal River basin

Monitoring and Forecasting of Coastal Erosion in the Context of Climate Change in Saint Louis (Senegal)

The Senegal River, a Disturbed Lifeline in the Sahel

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