Morphological and immunological analysis of the oral mucosa in tobacco smoking and odontopreparation

Abstract

Tobacco smoking causes pronounced structural reorganization of the gingival mucosa and its atrophic changes. Odontopreparation stimulates destructive processes in the gingival mucosa promoting activation of local immunity (stimulation of immunoglobulin synthesis). Significant differences in the local humoral immunity (IgG dysimmunoglobulinemia) and cytokine spectrum in nonsmoking and tobacco-smoking patients were detected. Subcompensated level of immune resistance in tobacco smokers prompts referring them to a group at a high risk of chronic pathological processes of the oral cavity.

A review of the pathogenesis of adult peritonsillar abscess: time for a re-evaluation

“…Understanding factors that promote the growth and colonization of key PTA pathogens should not only lead to a more effective and standardized management of PTA, but also provide hormonal effect on local immunity and/or microfloral composition (8,57) lower incidences of GAS infections in those over 40 years of age (8) highest incidence of fusobacterial PTA infections is in young adults (35) lifestyle high incidence of other fusobacterial infections in young adults (8,42,44,64) tonsillar crypt size (41) Gender higher PTA incidence in males than females in a 3: 1 ratio retrospectively for: (27,58,63,65) males have larger oropharyngeal features (41) ear/nose/throat GAS infections are more common in males than females (8) fusobacterial infections suggested to be more common in males (8,64) high incidence of SMG infections in males (25,47) against (gender as a non-significant factor): (36,56,57,59,62) females have better oropharyngeal immunity prior to middle age (66) lifestyle (25) (5,10,25,36,51,69,(77)(78)(79) linked to periodontal disease and other head and neck infections (25,71,80) promotes growth (84) promotes growth (25) suppresses local humoral immunity (81) lower densities of normal flora (82, 83) disruption of mucosal barrier (5,…”

Ultrastructure of Gingival Epithelium in Chronic Gingivitis

“…Structural and functional heterogeneity of gingival epitheliocytes, detected, in particular, in smokers, is an int rinsic manifestation of chronic infl ammatory re sponse [11]. An important characteristic of CG is remodeling of the lamina propria of the gingival mucosa manifested in "multiplication" of the basement membrane, diffuse fi brosis, and obstruction of capillaries.…”

“…Characteristics of local immunity in the oral cavity CG include high concentrations of IL-2, IL-6. and TNF-α (proinfl ammatory cytokines) in the oral fl uid and signifi cantly reduced levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ (anti-infl ammatory cytokines) [11]. This cytokine imbalance refl ects persistence of antigens of bacterial or other nature in the gingival mucosa accompanied by the development of destructive and subcompensatory responses.…”

Impact of the Tobacco Heating System and Cigarette Smoking on the Oral Cavity: A Pilot Study

“…In our study, oral lesions were more like those found in conventional cigarette smokers. However, other studies have included more detailed analysis (e.g., pathohistological examination, cytologic examination) of the oral mucosa and comprised subjects with more experience of smoking, whereas our results were limited to clinical examinations and included younger patients with a shorter smoking experience [22,23].…”