Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans Isolates from Tomato Farms in Kenya

Mugao, Lydia G.; Muturi, P. W.; Gichimu, Bernard M.; Kamiri, A.K.

doi:10.3923/ppj.2021.29.40

Cited by 7 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Many investigators in various countries [29][30][31][32][33] have tried the morphological and molecular characterization of A. solani. Moreover, in the present study, the molecular investigation confirmed the morphological characteristics of the pathogen isolates that were suspected to be A. solani.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato

Mostafa

Alamri

Alrumman

et al. 2021

Plants

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This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by pomegranate and orange peel extracts using a low concentration of AgNO3 solution to controlearly blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani. The pathogen was isolated from infected tomato plants growing in different areas of Saudi Arabia. The isolates of this pathogen were morphologically and molecularly identified. Extracts from peels of pomegranate and orange fruits effectively developed a simple, quick, eco-friendly and economical method through a synthesis of AgNPs as antifungal agents against A. solani. Phenolic content in the pomegranate peel extract was greater than orange peel extract. Phenolic compounds showed a variation of both peel extracts as identified and quantified by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The phenolic composition displayed variability as the pomegranate peel extract exhibited an exorbitant amount of Quercitrin (23.62 mg/g DW), while orange peel extract recorded a high amount of Chlorogenic acid (5.92 mg/g DW). Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV- visible spectroscopy which recorded an average wavelength of 437 nm and 450 nm for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy exhibited 32x73.24, 2223.71, 2047.29 and 1972.46 cm−1, and 3260.70, 1634.62, 1376.62 and 1243.76 cm−1 for pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shape of nanoparticles. Zetasizer analysis presented negative charge values; −16.9 and −19.5 mV with average particle sizes 8 and 14 nm fin case of pomegranate and orange peels, respectively. In vitro, antifungal assay was done to estimate the possibility of biosynthesized AgNPs and crude extracts of fruit peels to reduce the mycelial growth of A. solani. AgNPs displayed more fungal mycelial inhibition than crude extracts of two peels and AgNO3. We recommend the use of AgNPs synthesized from fruit peels for controlling fungal plant pathogens and may be applied broadly and safely in place by using the chemical fungicides, which display high toxicity for humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato

Mostafa

Alamri

Alrumman

et al. 2021

Plants

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“…The reference materials used for identification of blight pathogen isolates included published material from related work [17,30,31,20]. A Pathogenicity test was carried out for selected pathogen isolates for further identification and characterization.…”

Section: Purification and Identification Of Fungusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Kenya, despite reported cases of tomato early blight in Mwea [20], little work has been done on the characterization of the causative pathogens in different AEZs. Use of morphologies for identification of fungal phyto-pathogens is tedious, requires expertise, and is hindered by fungal inconsistency and phenotypic plasticity [21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Improved tomato varieties such as Terminator F 1 , Kilele F 1 , Hansal F 1 and Riotinto F 1 among others have been introduced to farmers in Kirinyaga County. However, cases of blight i.e., early blight and other fungal diseases have persisted [25,20,5]. Success in breeding for EB resistance has been slowed down by the limited availability of effective resistance genes, particularly among the cultivated tomato [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogenicity of Alternaria Species Causing Tomato Blight in Agro-Ecological Zones of Kirinyaga County in Kenya

Ogolla

Muraya

Onyango

2023

AJAAR

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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is a highly consumed and produced vegetable crop with an annual global production of over 185 million tonnes. High consumption and production are due to its nutritional and health benefits. However, tomato production is characterized by inconsistent quality and yields, partly emanating from biotic constraints attributed to fungal foliar diseases. In Kirinyaga County, where tomato production is a significant source of livelihood, knowledge gaps exist regarding the identity of Alternaria species causing tomato blight in different Agro-ecological zones (AEZs) and the susceptibility of locally grown tomato varieties to the Alternaria pathogens. To address these gaps, we conducted a study to determine the characteristics of an Alternaria pathogen isolated from tomato leaves from different AEZs and assess the susceptibility level of some tomato varieties grown in Kirinyaga County. Pathogen characterization was done using phenotypic and molecular approaches, and the susceptibility assay was evaluated by artificial inoculation. The molecular characterization involved BLASTIN analysis of Sanger sequenced DNA nucleotide amplicons, and the use of NCBI databases. The susceptibility assay was carried out in the greenhouse using a completely randomized design. Data on the fungal conidial lengths (µm) and the susceptibility (%) of tomato varieties to fungal isolates were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with significance means separated using LSD at α = 0.05. The morphologies of the pathogens differed significantly (p <0.05). Molecular characterization implicated Alternaria solani, Alternaria cerealis, Alternaria arborescens, and Alternaria alternate in causing tomato blight. Tomato varieties differed in their susceptibility to Alternaria pathogens (p < 0.05). Kilele F1 (73.84%), and Terminator F1 (56.48%) were the most and least susceptible tomato varieties, respectively. Thus, Terminator F1 can serve as a source for the genetic improvement of tomato varieties in the Kirinyaga patho-system. Our study provides valuable information on the identification of Alternaria species causing tomato blight in different AEZs in Kirinyaga County and the susceptibility of locally grown tomato varieties to infection by Alternaria pathogen isolates. The findings can aid in the development of effective disease management strategies and the genetic improvement of tomato varieties in the area.

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“…Ginger oil was as effective as a synthetic fungicide. That is, this plant has strong antifungal properties with a high potential for use as a biofungicide (Mugao et al, 2021). A study of the effectiveness of extracts from five plants against Alternaria alternata in vitro showed significant antifungal activity of these plants, one of which was ginger.…”

Section: Figure 2 Mycelium and Conidial Sporulation Of A Arundinismentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying of Plants to Regulate Mycobiota of Winter Wheat Seeds

Рожкова¹,

BURDULANYUK²,

TATARYNOVA³

et al. 2022

Scientific Horizons

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Plants, having a wide array of different substances that are natural to ecosystems, can be effective biofungicides. Most scientific studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of plant extracts against certain phytopathogenic species/genera in vitro. These results do not provide an answer to how certain substances might affect the systems of microorganisms. The aim of the work was to study the influence of plants on isolation of mycobiota representatives of winter wheat seeds, the peculiarities of its germination and seedling development. The mycocomplex of the seeds of the 2017 and 2019 harvests from the North-East of Ukraine was studied. The seeds were kept in aqueous plant solutions and spread on potato-glucose agar. The effects of Citrus sinensis L., Citrus limon L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Larix decidua Mill., and Pinus sylvestris L. were evaluated. All plant solutions changed the quantitative and qualitative composition of seed mycobiota. The negative effect of soaking seeds on the development of wheat seedlings was established, which will not allow them to be used to regulate the seed mycocomplex in the future. C. limon (67%) and Z. officinale (on average 52%) most effectively reduced the number of dominant Alternaria sp. Seed treatment increased the number of fungal colonies compared to the control, except for the 40% ginger solution, and when ginger was used, the spectrum of fungi was expanded, and when citrus and pine were used, it was narrowed. Plant solutions changed the dominance of Alternaria sp. in the seed mycobiota on the prevalence of Penicillium sp. and Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) G. Arnaud. The mycobiota of wheat seeds acquired the most significant changes under the influence of L. decidua and P. sylvestris

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Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans Isolates from Tomato Farms in Kenya

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate and Orange Peel Extracts and Their Antifungal Activity against Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Early Blight Disease of Tomato

Pathogenicity of Alternaria Species Causing Tomato Blight in Agro-Ecological Zones of Kirinyaga County in Kenya

Applying of Plants to Regulate Mycobiota of Winter Wheat Seeds

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