Morphological and molecular features of stain fungi infecting rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis)

Abstract

Abstract. Nandika D, Arinana, Salman ABA, Putri JY. 2021. Morphological and molecular features of stain fungi infecting rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Biodiversitas 22: 5408-5416. In the southeast Asia region, particularly Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia, rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) has been widely used as a raw material in various industries particularly furniture manufacturing. However, rubberwood is highly susceptible to fungal attack due to its lack of heartwood formation. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the morphological and molecular features of stain fungi infecting rubberwood. A total of five isolates of stain fungi belonging to three genera were identified based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and morphological features. All isolates belong to Order Eurotiales with each genus being Paecilomyces, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. The highest growth rate on wood samples was shown by Aspergillus chevalieri section Aspergillus and Paecilomyces maximus or P. formosus with values of 86.57% and 86.22%, respectively. All of the stain fungi genera caused varied level of discoloration on wood samples with dark grayish and very dark grayish as the more frequent color found. Quantitatively, the highest discoloration was shown by A. chevalieri section Aspergillus (?E = 27.60) and P. maximus or P. formosus (?E = 16.69). These species can be considered as newly stain fungi recorded infecting rubberwood in Indonesia. In addition, discoloration caused by these two stain fungi was the worst.

In vitro biological control of Cedrus atlantica ‘s lignivorous fungi by the extracted essential oils from the infected wood

“…Moreover, in Spain and Turkey, it has been rshown as being an aggressive causal agent of grapevine trunk decline (Özben et al 2017). Paecilomyces maximus is known as Paecilomyces formosus (Nandika et al 2021), it was reported in 2023 as a lignivorous fungus of Cedar in Morocco (Chauiyakh, Fahime, et al 2023b), and in 2021 as the causal agent of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) in Palembang, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia (Nandika et al 2021), as well as in Turkey and Iran as the causal agent of Pistachio dieback in more than 400,000 hectares of Iranian pistachio orchards. This disease is characterised by dieback of twigs and branches, necrosis and darkening of bark and wood tissues, gummosis, and canker lesions of Pistacia vera L. (Heidarian et al 2018; Ozan et al 2022).…”

Characterization, pathogenicity and host range studies of Paecilomyces formosus associated with dieback of Christ's thorn trees (Paliurus spina‐christi Mill.) in Iran

“…Furthermore, the pathogenicity of this species was confirmed on rubberwood ( Hevea brasiliensis ) and brook willow ( Salix acmophylla Boss.) plants in Indonesia and Iran, respectively (Nandika et al, 2021; Rostami & Jamali, 2022). Based on the results, the host range of P. formosus was confined to 16 species of plant hosts, and most of them were woody plants.…”

Short Communication: First report of Nectria haematococca causing a moler disease on shallots in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

“…The PCR cycles included 3 minutes of pre-denaturation at 95°C, 30 seconds of denaturation at 95°C, 30 seconds of annealing at 50°C, 1 minute of extension at 72°C, 1 minute of final extension at 72°C. PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel and treated with 0.75 l DNA dye (Nandika et al 2021;Putri et al 2022). DNA double helix sequences were assembled and analyzed using Genetyx (version 11.0) and Genetyx-ATSQ (version 4.0) software (Genetyx, Tokyo, Japan) sequentially and compared with same DNA sequences accessed from DDBJ/ EMBL/ GenBank via NCBI BLAST program (Parwanayoni 2018).…”