Morphological Changes in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex of Confined Sows with Prolonged Pupillary Light Reflex

Fang-lu, Lv; Li, Xiang; Li, Jianhong; Cui, Shiquan; Liu, Honggui; Bao, Jun

doi:10.1016/s1006-8104(16)30057-5

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The studies on anxiety disorders have demonstrated that autonomic dysfunction affects the hypothalamus, vagal dorsal nucleus, and sympathetic ganglion (Kleiner and Marshall, 1987;Zesiewicz et al, 2003). Lv et al (2016) reported a relationship between PLR and the changes in brain tissue lesions in pregnant sows, and specifically reported that PLR latency was significantly prolonged and accompanied by dissolution of hippocampus nerve cells as shown with hematoxylin-eosin staining. The decreased PLR with increased age under long-term confinement in these studies might be caused by degenerative changes to the nervous system in relation to emotional depression or psychological problems induced by chronic stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Note: Effects of age and confinement on pupillary light reflex in sows1

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2019

Journal of Animal Science

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Pupillary reflex has been used as a method to examine psychological problems in human clinics and mental disease research. Intensive animal farming has been shown to lead to chronic stress resulting in depression; however, comparing with humans we lack an effective clinical method to clinically inspect these psychological problems in animals. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of age and housing conditions (confined crates vs. group pens) on pupillary light reflex (PLR) of sows to explore whether PLR can be used as an effective way to measure the psychological state of farm animals. In total, 270 pregnant sows were selected for PLR testing and divided into 6 treatments (45 sows per treatment) of 2 different environments (group-housed pen and confined gestation crates) and 3 parities (first, third, and fifth parities). Six selected pupil parameters: 1) latency of the pupil constriction onset (LAT); 2) the percent of the constriction (CON); 3) average constriction velocity (ACV); 4) maximum constriction velocity (MCV); 5) average dilation velocity (ADV); and 6) time of 75% recovery after constriction (T75) were examined. The results showed that there was no difference found in these PLR parameters between the breeds (P > 0.05) but the significant effects were found on LAT, CON, ACV, and MCV by age (P < 0.01). The group-housed sows had significantly higher CON, ACV, and MCV than those in the confined crates (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the pupillary light reflex of the sows was not affected by breed but by age. The results also indicate that some of PLR parameters were sensitive to housing conditions and suggest that ACV and MCV have potential to be sensitive indicators in relation to the psychological problem of sows.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Note: Effects of age and confinement on pupillary light reflex in sows1

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2019

Journal of Animal Science

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Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity

Lv¹

2023

Open Life Sciences

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The occurrence pattern of stereotypic behavior in high-parity confined sows is still unclear. We continually observed the behavioral changes in activity-restricted sows from the first mating to the end of the third parity. The results showed that the second- or third-parity weaned sows exhibited more vacuum chewing and total oral behavior than the first-parity sows. The vacuum chewing of sows in the second and third pregnancies was significantly more than that of the first-pregnancy sows at each stage of pregnancy, and the total oral behavior changed similarly. The sitting of sows in the second and third pregnancies was significantly more than that of the first-pregnancy sows in the early stage of pregnancy, whereas sitting behavior in the third pregnancy was significantly more than that in the middle stages of the first and second pregnancies. Vacuum chewing or sitting was positively correlated with confinement duration. In summary, vacuum chewing and sitting behaviors in sows confined from the first mating were significantly affected by parity. From the late stage of the first pregnancy to the middle stage of the second pregnancy is the key period of stereotypic behavior development for low-parity sows.

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Morphological Changes in Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex of Confined Sows with Prolonged Pupillary Light Reflex

Cited by 2 publications

References 35 publications

Technical Note: Effects of age and confinement on pupillary light reflex in sows1

Technical Note: Effects of age and confinement on pupillary light reflex in sows1

Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity

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