Morphological Control for High Performance, Solution‐Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells

Eperon, Giles E.; Burlakov, V. M.; Docampo, Pablo; Goriely, Alain; Snaith, Henry J.

doi:10.1002/adfm.201302090

Cited by 1,855 publications

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“…4,5,6 To develop high-performance PSCs, one challenge is morphology and quality control of the perovskite thin films. 7,8,9 Full film coverage on the substrate surface reduces shunting paths and improves light absorption, 10 while a low concentration of defects mitigates the photocurrentvoltage (J-V) hysteresis by suppressing the charge trapping. 11,12 Moreover, the crystal structure and intrinsic electronic properties of MAPbI 3 have been proposed to possibly influence on the photovoltaic parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in the Interfacial Trap Density of Mechanochemically Synthesized MAPbI₃

Prochowicz

Yadav

Saliba

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Organo-lead halide perovskites have emerged as a promising light harvesting materials for solar cells.The ability to prepare high quality films with a low concentration of defects is essential for obtaining high device performance. Here, we advance the procedure for the fabrication of efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on mechanochemically synthesized MAPbI 3 . The use of mechano-perovskite for the thin film formation provides a high degree of control of the stoichiometry and allows for the growth of relatively large crystalline grains. The best device achieved a maximum PCE of 17.5% from a current-voltage scan (J-V), which stabilized at 16.8% after 60 sec of maximum power point tracking.Strikingly, PSCs based on MAPbI 3 mechanoperovskite exhibit lower "hysteretic" behaviour in comparison to that comprising MAPbI 3 obtained from the conventional solvothermal reaction between PbI 2 and MAI. To gain a better understanding of the difference in J-V hysteresis we analyze the charge/ion accumulation mechanism and identify the defect energy distribution in the resulting MAPbI 3 based devices. These results indicate that the use of mechanochemically synthesized perovskites provides a promising strategy for the formation of crystalline film demonstrating slow charge recombination and low trap density.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in the Interfacial Trap Density of Mechanochemically Synthesized MAPbI₃

Prochowicz

Yadav

Saliba

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Overview of the relations between perovskite thin film deposition methods from solution, starting from simple one-step, where often nonstoichiometric precursor mixtures are used to achieve homogeneous films a). [14,19] Reproduced with permission. [19] Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group, and two-step methods, where a predeposited metal halide film is converted to perovskite g).…”

Section: Crystallization Through Complex Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9] Subsequently, the influence of processing parameters was further investigated with the focus shifting towards different solvent media, like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), which resulted in the first PSC without a mesoporous scaffold and topping the 10% efficiency mark. [14] However, simple one-step fabrication methods seem to be more difficult to control than sequential deposition on both mesostructured and planar TiO 2 substrates. [10,11] Jeon et al and Xiao et al almost simultaneously reported that adding an antisolvent on top of the wet precursor film during spin-coating induces fast crystallization.…”

Section: One-step (Solvent Engineering)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4.…”

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Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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“…21À23 Higher perovskite film uniformity leads to lower recombination rates in planar heterojuction solar cells. 24,25 Film uniformity is affected by factors such as precursor composition, annealing temperature and, if applicable, solvent used during the vapor-assisted or spin coating deposition process. 6,24,26À32 Highly efficient mesostructured solar cells are produced by a twostep deposition process.…”

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confidence: 99%

Shape Evolution and Single Particle Luminescence of Organometal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

et al. 2015

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Organometallic halide perovskites CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = I, Br, Cl) have quickly become one of the most promising semiconductors for solar cells, with photovoltaics made of these materials reaching power conversion efficiencies of near 20%. Improving our ability to harness the full potential of organometal halide perovskites will require more controllable syntheses that permit a detailed understanding of their fundamental chemistry and photophysics. In this manuscript, we systematically synthesize CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = I, Br) nanocrystals with different morphologies (dots, rods, plates or sheets) by using different solvents and capping ligands. CH3NH3PbX3 nanowires and nanorods capped with octylammonium halides show relatively higher photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields and long PL lifetimes. CH3NH3PbI3 nanowires monitored at the single particle level show shape-correlated PL emission across whole particles, with little photobleaching observed and very few off periods. This work highlights the potential of low-dimensional organometal halide perovskite semiconductors in constructing new porous and nanostructured solar cell architectures, as well as in applying these materials to other fields such as light-emitting devices and single particle imaging and tracking.Keywords organometal halide perovskites, nanocrystals, preferred orientation, morphology control, size control, single particle photoluminescence Disciplines Chemistry CommentsReprinted (adapted) with permission from ACS Nano 9 (2015) 15,16 respectively, as well as high absorption coefficients. Critically, organolead perovskites have very long electronÀ hole carrier diffusion lengths, exceeding 1 μm in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-x Cl x , and 100 nm in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , which in principle allows for the development of several solar cell architectures including perovskite-sensitized solar cells, planar heterojunction solar cells, and meso-and nanostructured solar cells. 17 Building on the dramatic improvement of solar cell performance using the solid hole conductor spiro-OMeTAD instead of a liquid electrolyte (spiro-OMeTAD stands for 2,2 0 -7,7 0 -tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxy-phenylamine)-9,9 0 -spirobifluorene), 18 the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaics made from these intensely absorbing, visible-active semiconductors has risen from 3.8% to near 20% in only four years. 19,20 Photovoltaic performance depends critically on perovskite composition, crystallinity and morphology. 21À23 Higher perovskite film uniformity leads to lower recombination rates in planar heterojuction solar cells. 24,25 Film uniformity is affected by factors such as precursor composition, annealing temperature and, if applicable, solvent used during the vapor-assisted or spin coating deposition process. 6,24,26À32 Highly efficient mesostructured solar cells are produced by a twostep deposition process. 33À35 Vapor-assisted methods and additives provide the means * Address correspondence to jwp@iastate.edu, esmith1@iastate.edu, vela@iastate.edu.Received for review December 9, 2014 a...

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Morphological Control for High Performance, Solution‐Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 1,855 publications

References 32 publications

Reduction in the Interfacial Trap Density of Mechanochemically Synthesized MAPbI₃

Reduction in the Interfacial Trap Density of Mechanochemically Synthesized MAPbI₃

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Shape Evolution and Single Particle Luminescence of Organometal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

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Morphological Control for High Performance, Solution‐Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 1,855 publications

References 32 publications

Reduction in the Interfacial Trap Density of Mechanochemically Synthesized MAPbI3

Reduction in the Interfacial Trap Density of Mechanochemically Synthesized MAPbI3

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Shape Evolution and Single Particle Luminescence of Organometal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals

Contact Info

Product

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Reduction in the Interfacial Trap Density of Mechanochemically Synthesized MAPbI₃

Reduction in the Interfacial Trap Density of Mechanochemically Synthesized MAPbI₃