Morphological defense of the egg mass of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) affects parasitic capacity and alters behaviors of egg parasitoid wasps

Egg cluster characteristics of fall armyworm, <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidea) in Sri Lanka under laboratory conditions

“…S. frugiperda may cover their egg masses with hairs for various reasons such as unfavourable environmental conditions and protection from natural enemies such as predators and parasitoids. Dong et al (2021) revealed that the proportion of parasitism by egg parasitoids of S. frugiperda was lower on covered egg masses when compared with naked egg masses. Further, according to Temerak (2006), the performance of an insecticide on naked egg masses of Spodoptera littoralis was faster and greater than on full covered egg masses.…”

“…Chemical extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) have been found to have high ovicidal activity on S. frugiperda egg masses less than 48 hours of age (Paredes-Sánchez et al, 2021). Further, many biological control practices have been conducted using various species of egg parasitoids (Beserra and Parra, 2005;Temerak, 2006;Liao et al, 2019;Jaraleño-Teniente et al, 2020;Dong et al, 2021;Paredes-Sánchez et al, 2021). However, for the success of these control practices, accurate information on S. frugiperda eggs is essential and knowledge on their locations on plants, characters, strengths and weaknesses is required.…”

High virulence of a naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungal isolate, Metarhizium (Nomuraea) rileyi, against Spodoptera frugiperda

“…Fusarium tricinctum to natural enemies and insecticide-induced resurgence of the pests (Dong et al, 2021;Guo et al, 2020). Thus, it is extremely urgent to introduce and develop biological control approaches, to rebuild the balance of cropland ecosystems, for the sustainable control of the FAW in newly invaded areas.…”

“…Although chemical insecticides are used as emergency control strategies to quickly control an initial population and halt the spread of this invasive pest, the abuse of chemical insecticides not only pollutes the environment and increases health risks to human, but also inevitably leads to the development of insecticide resistance, harmful to natural enemies and insecticide‐induced resurgence of the pests (Dong et al, 2021; Guo et al, 2020). Thus, it is extremely urgent to introduce and develop biological control approaches, to rebuild the balance of cropland ecosystems, for the sustainable control of the FAW in newly invaded areas.…”

Potencial de controle de >i<Spodoptera frugiperda>/i< (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em milho por >i<Trichogramma pretiosum>/i< Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) e isolinhagem de >i<Telenomus remus>/i< Nixon, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), isolados ou associados, em laboratório e semi-campo

“…generalistas, parasitam diversas famílias e espécies dentro da ordem Lepidoptera e são utilizados mundialmente em grandes áreas como agentes de controle biológico aumentativo, inclusive para o controle de S. frugiperda(Parra and Coelho Jr. 2019). Porém, apesar de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 ser um agente de controle já registrado comercialmente para o controle de S. frugiperda existem discussões por parte de alguns autores quanto ao seu uso, já que o parasitoide encontra dificuldade em parasitar posturas com muitas camadas e grande quantidade de escamas, parasitando assim somente os ovos mais superficiais e expostos da postura(Cave 2000, Beserra and Parra 2005, Dong et al 2021. Por outro lado, T. remus é um parasitoide que apresenta um grande potencial como agente de controle de S. frugiperda, pois possuí capacidade de parasitar posturas com grande quantidade de camadas e escamas, parasitando inclusive os ovos situados internamente nas diferentes camadas.…”