Morphological description, biometry and phylogenetic position of the skull of Ngawi 1 (east Java, Indonesia)

Widianto, Harry; Zeitoun, Valéry

doi:10.1002/oa.694

Cited by 35 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…They concluded that Ngawi 1 is "a member of Ngandong and Sambungmacan group of H. erectus" mainly because of the shared high and rounded vault shapes and a few other surface characters. Widianto and Zeitoun (2003) and Zeitoun et al (2010) conducted cladistic analyses using "123 morphological and 345 metrical features" and reached the same conclusion as Widianto et al (2001), although unknown intercharacter correlations are a potentially significant source of error in this type of analysis. Zeitoun et al (2010) also conducted a 3-D geometric morphometric analysis based on 17 calvarial landmarks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The morphology of Ngawi 1 has been described in some detail by Sartono (1991), Widianto et al (2001), Widianto and Zeitoun (2003), Schwartz and Tattersall (2003), and Durband (2007), although detailed descriptions of the mandibular fossa (temporomandibular joint), foramen ovale, and some other cranial base features were not possible because of the remaining matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Homo erectus calvaria from Ngawi (Java) and its evolutionary implications

Kaifu

Kurniawan

Kubo

et al. 2015

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Ngawi 1 is an undated but well-preserved Homo erectus calvaria from Java. Previous craniometric and morphological studies have shown its similarities to late Javanese H. erectus from Ngandong as well as Sambungmacan (Sm 1 [and Sm 3]). Some researchers emphasize their morphological homogeneity, and suggest that this 'Ngandong/Sambungmacan/Ngawi group' is morphologically distinct from H. erectus from the Early Pleistocene of Sangiran and Trinil, possibly at a species-level. In this study, we reinvestigated Ngawi 1 based on the newly cleaned original specimen and using microcomputed tomography with the aim of testing if such morphological discontinuity really exists within the Javanese fossil record. We metrically and non-metrically examined 33 cranial characters that are useful to distinguish earlier and later Javanese H. erectus. We also evaluated the morphology of the three Sambungmacan crania (Sm 1, 3, and 4) in the same way. The results of these and multivariate analyses support previous studies that Ngawi 1 exhibits many characteristic features of Ngandong H. erectus. However, Ngawi 1 is more or less similar to earlier Javanese H. erectus in smaller cranial size, a weak but distinct supraglabellar depression, a relatively short temporal bone, limited posterior projection of the middle part of the occipital torus, a shallower and 'roofed' mandibular fossa, and a smaller mastoid process. The three Sambungmacan crania also show general affinities to Ngandong, but are similar to earlier Javanese H. erectus in a few or more characters. Such slightly shifted character distribution is at least consistent with the hypothesis of continuous evolution of H. erectus through the Pleistocene of Java. This minor but potentially meaningful pattern of morphological variation should not be overlooked when a morphological group is defined for the specimens from Ngandong, Sambungmacan, and Ngawi. We also determined the endocranial volume of Ngawi 1 to be 959 cm 3 .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homo erectus calvaria from Ngawi (Java) and its evolutionary implications

Kaifu

Kurniawan

Kubo

et al. 2015

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“…Thus, the morphology of the mandibular fossa supports the notion of discontinuity between the Ngandong/ Sambungmacan fossils and later modern humans in Australasia. The presence of this autapomorphy, among others described above and elsewhere (e.g., Durband, 2002bDurband, , 2004aDurband, ,b, 2005Durband, , 2007Baba et al, 2003Baba et al, , 2004, suggests that the population represented by the Ngandong and Sambungmacan fossils changed considerably from those forms sampled at Trinil and Sangiran and likely went extinct without contributing to the gene pool of modern humans; perhaps after undergoing a speciation event (e.g., Zeitoun, 2002;Durband, 2002bDurband, , 2004aDurband, ,b, 2005Durband, , 2007Widianto and Zeitoun, 2003). This scenario is in accord with paleoecological evidence compiled by Storm (2000Storm ( , 2001a suggesting that the Ngandong hominids went extinct as part of a faunal turnover on Java at approximately 126 kyr, a date that has been supported recently by Westaway and colleagues (2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mandibular Fossa Morphology in the Ngandong and Sambungmacan Fossil Hominids

Durband

2008

The Anatomical Record

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There has been debate in recent years concerning the significance of the mandibular fossa morphology in the Ngandong and Sambungmacan hominids. These fossils lack a postglenoid process and their squamotympanic fissure runs along the apex of the fossa for its entire length. This configuration differs from that seen in other fossil and modern humans, which have a prominent postglenoid process and a squamotympanic fissure that takes a more posterior course that does not lie in the apex of the fossa. Some recent studies have suggested that the Ngandong and Sambungmacan hominids are not unique in their expression of these characteristics, and that they can also be found in other fossil crania from Africa and Indonesia. The present study reexamines these morphologies in an effort to better understand their distribution in the hominid fossil record. The results confirm that the lack of a prominent postglenoid process in combination with a squamotympanic fissure that lies wholly in the apex of the mandibular fossa along its entire length is indeed autapomorphic for the Ngandong and Sambungmacan fossils. This finding, in conjunction with work on other nonmetric features in these hominids, suggests that at least two hominid morphs, possibly representing separate species, were present on Java during the Pleistocene. In addition, if this apparent autapomorphy is confirmed, then it is also unlikely that the Ngandong hominids contributed to the gene pool of modern humans. Anat Rec, 291:1212Rec, 291: -1220Rec, 291: , 2008 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: Homo erectus; Java; Sangiran; Sambungmacan; temporomandibular jointIn hominids, the mandibular fossa is located on the temporal bone on the lateralmost edge of the skull base. It forms the cranial portion of the temporomandibular joint, and is formed largely by the squamous portion of the temporal bone. The posterior wall of the mandibular fossa is made up of a combination of the anterior surface of the tympanic plate and an inferior projection of the squamous temporal, the postglenoid process or tubercle. The squamous temporal component of the posterior wall of the mandibular fossa, including the postglenoid process, is separated from the tympanic plate by the squamotympanic fissure (STF), also sometimes known as the Glaserian fissure.The potentially unique nature of the Ngandong mandibular fossa was first noted by Weidenreich (1951). His description is as follows (note that he is writing from the point of view of looking down upon the base of the calotte):''The deepest point of the [mandibular] fossa in modern man and in Sinanthropus is situated farther forward than in Solo man, and the floor of the fossa

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“…Thus, the range of dates for Sambungmacan encompasses the Early to Late Pleistocene and may predate, post-date, or be synchronous with Ngandong. The Ngawi calvaria is also frequently grouped with Ngandong and Sambungmacan on the basis of shared morphology (Widianto and Zeitoun, 2003;Baab, 2016b) but there is no date available for this fossil.…”

Section: Geochronologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recent work that has focused on the cranial morphology of the Asian H. erectus fossil record includes evaluations of the metric and non-metric diversity of Asian or specifically the Indonesian fossil record Kaifu et al, 2008), cranial shape variation in the Asian fossils (Baab, 2010;Zeitoun et al, 2010), and analyses focused on the affinities of particular fossils (Delson et al, 2001;Widianto et al, 2001;Widianto and Zeitoun, 2003;Durband, 2006;Kaifu et al, 2006Kaifu et al, , 2015Indriati and Antón, 2010). It was demonstrated that Asian, along with numerous African and Georgian fossils assigned to H. erectus, were distinct from or displayed minimal overlap with other archaic Homo species on the basis of threedimensional (3D) neurocranial shape (Zeitoun et al, 2010;Baab, 2016b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global and local perspectives on cranial shape variation in Indonesian Homo erectus

Baab

Zaim

2017

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Morphological description, biometry and phylogenetic position of the skull of Ngawi 1 (east Java, Indonesia)

Abstract: The skull of Ngawi 1 was discovered fortuitously in August 1987 on the left bank of the river Solo near the village of Selopuro (east Java, Indonesia). It is a complete, well preserved and strongly mineralized calvaria. The present article provides a complete description of this specimen.

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

<i>Homo erectus</i> calvaria from Ngawi (Java) and its evolutionary implications

<i>Homo erectus</i> calvaria from Ngawi (Java) and its evolutionary implications

Mandibular Fossa Morphology in the Ngandong and Sambungmacan Fossil Hominids

Global and local perspectives on cranial shape variation in Indonesian <i>Homo erectus</i>

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