Summary• Nodulated legumes in some of the flooded and seasonally flooded areas of the Pantanal Mato-Grossense wetlands in Brazil are described here.• In the permanently flooded lakes (baias) of the Caracara national park Discolobium pulchellum , Mimosa pellita , Sesbania exasperata and Vigna lasiocarpa (syn. Phaseolus pilosus ) were the most abundant, whereas close to Corumbá, at the edges of the river Paraguai, Neptunia spp. were also common. Adaptations that allow these legumes to fix N 2 in a flooded environment included a floating growth habit, aerenchyma and nodulated adventitious roots.• By contrast, Aeschynomene spp. ( A. ciliata , A. denticulata , A. fluminensis , and A. sensitiva ) were the dominant nodulated legumes in the seasonally flooded pastures of Nhumirim.• Stem-nodulation was commonly observed, particularly on seasonally flooded Aeschynomene and seasonal/permanently flooded Discolobium spp., but also, in a modified form, on floating stems of V. lasiocarpa . The structures of stem and/or root nodules on Aeschynomene spp., Discolobium leptophyllum and V. lasiocarpa are described in detail, and nodulation by D. leptophyllum and Neptunia pubescens is reported for the first time.