Morphological differences between Pasteurella-bacteriophages

Knapp, W.; Zwillenberg, L. O.

doi:10.1007/bf01555086

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It was classified as a member of the Myoviridae family of double-stranded DNA phages of the order Caudovirales. Phage Y and R have been previously characterized by Knapp and Zwillenberg 1964 11 ; they belong to the Podoviridae family of double-stranded DNA phages. Myoviridae and Podoviridae phages are usually strongly lytic, and they are increasingly being used in various commercial phage cocktails, including those (1) cleared by the FDA and USDA for food safety applications (e.g., ListShield™; 21 CFR §172.785) and (2) used in the United States, during the first Phase I human clinical trial of a multivalent phage preparation for treating bacterial infections of wounds 12 , 13 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Yersinia pestis-specific, lytic phage preparation significantly reduces viable Y. pestis on various hard surfaces experimentally contaminated with the bacterium

et al. 2012

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Five Y. pestis bacteriophages obtained from various sources were characterized to determine their biological properties, including their taxonomic classification, host range and genomic diversity. Four of the phages (YpP-G, Y, R and YpsP-G) belong to the Podoviridae family, and the fifth phage (YpsP-PST) belongs to the Myoviridae family, of the order Caudovirales comprising of double-stranded DNA phages. The genomes of the four Podoviridae phages were fully sequenced and found to be almost identical to each other and to those of two previously characterized Y. pestis phages Yepe2 and φA1122. However, despite their genomic homogeneity, they varied in their ability to lyse Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis strains. The five phages were combined to yield a “phage cocktail” (tentatively designated “YPP-100”) capable of lysing the 59 Y. pestis strains in our collection. YPP-100 was examined for its ability to decontaminate three different hard surfaces (glass, gypsum board and stainless steel) experimentally contaminated with a mixture of three genetically diverse Y. pestis strains CO92, KIM and 1670G. Five minutes of exposure to YPP-100 preparations containing phage concentrations of ca. 109, 108 and 107 PFU/mL completely eliminated all viable Y. pestis cells from all three surfaces, but a few viable cells were recovered from the stainless steel coupons treated with YPP-100 diluted to contain ca. 106 PFU/mL. However, even that highly diluted preparation significantly (p = < 0.05) reduced Y. pestis levels by ≥ 99.97%. Our data support the idea that Y. pestis phages may be useful for decontaminating various hard surfaces naturally- or intentionally-contaminated with Y. pestis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Yersinia pestis-specific, lytic phage preparation significantly reduces viable Y. pestis on various hard surfaces experimentally contaminated with the bacterium

et al. 2012

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“…They included four plague diagnostic phages, L-413C [14], [19], [23], [24], [27], ϕA1122 [10], [18], [22], [25]–[27], Pokrovskaya [9], [14], [23], [24], and Y [12], [13]; two pseudotuberculosis diagnostic phages also capable of lysing most Y. pestis strains, PST [12], [61]–[63] and R [12], [15], [63]–[65]; as well as P2 vir1 , a virulent mutant of well-known coliphage P2 [59] previously shown to lyse Y. pestis at 37°C [19], [27]. Additionally, we isolated a new Y. pestis -specific phage from sewage, ϕJA1, and also selected a host range mutant of enterobacteriophage T7, T7 Yp , which showed both a striking specificity and high lytic activity towards Y. pestis .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophage-Resistant Mutants in Yersinia pestis: Identification of Phage Receptors and Attenuation for Mice

et al. 2011

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BackgroundBacteriophages specific for Yersinia pestis are routinely used for plague diagnostics and could be an alternative to antibiotics in case of drug-resistant plague. A major concern of bacteriophage therapy is the emergence of phage-resistant mutants. The use of phage cocktails can overcome this problem but only if the phages exploit different receptors. Some phage-resistant mutants lose virulence and therefore should not complicate bacteriophage therapy.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe purpose of this work was to identify Y. pestis phage receptors using site-directed mutagenesis and trans-complementation and to determine potential attenuation of phage-resistant mutants for mice. Six receptors for eight phages were found in different parts of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inner and outer core. The receptor for R phage was localized beyond the LPS core. Most spontaneous and defined phage-resistant mutants of Y. pestis were attenuated, showing increase in LD50 and time to death. The loss of different LPS core biosynthesis enzymes resulted in the reduction of Y. pestis virulence and there was a correlation between the degree of core truncation and the impact on virulence. The yrbH and waaA mutants completely lost their virulence.Conclusions/SignificanceWe identified Y. pestis receptors for eight bacteriophages. Nine phages together use at least seven different Y. pestis receptors that makes some of them promising for formulation of plague therapeutic cocktails. Most phage-resistant Y. pestis mutants become attenuated and thus should not pose a serious problem for bacteriophage therapy of plague. LPS is a critical virulence factor of Y. pestis.

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“…As a consequence of these results, and our recent analysis of the mechanism that shuffles the major host-range determinants within the tail-fiber adhesin genes (Trojet et al 2011), we have extended this analysis to additional closely related pairs of T4 phages that infect bacterial hosts that are phylogenetically distant. The phage PST, whose virion morphology is indistinguishable from T4, was originally isolated on the pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Knapp and Zwillenberg 1964). However, a preliminary analysis of its genome (Krisch HM, unpublished data) indicated that it was phylogenetically very closely related to T4, a coliphage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite Conserved Promoter–Terminator Motifs (PeSLs) that Mediate Modular Shuffling in the Diverse T4-Like Myoviruses

Comeau

Arbiol

Krisch

2014

Genome Biology and Evolution

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The diverse T4-like phages (Tquatrovirinae) infect a wide array of gram-negative bacterial hosts. The genome architecture of these phages is generally well conserved, most of the phylogenetically variable genes being grouped together in a series hyperplastic regions (HPRs) that are interspersed among large blocks of conserved core genes. Recent evidence from a pair of closely related T4-like phages has suggested that small, composite terminator/promoter sequences (promoterearly stem loop [PeSLs]) were implicated in mediating the high levels of genetic plasticity by indels occurring within the HPRs. Here, we present the genome sequence analysis of two T4-like phages, PST (168 kb, 272 open reading frames [ORFs]) and nt-1 (248 kb, 405 ORFs). These two phages were chosen for comparative sequence analysis because, although they are closely related to phages that have been previously sequenced (T4 and KVP40, respectively), they have different host ranges. In each case, one member of the pair infects a bacterial strain that is a human pathogen, whereas the other phage’s host is a nonpathogen. Despite belonging to phylogenetically distant branches of the T4-likes, these pairs of phage have diverged from each other in part by a mechanism apparently involving PeSL-mediated recombination. This analysis confirms a role of PeSL sequences in the generation of genomic diversity by serving as a point of genetic exchange between otherwise unrelated sequences within the HPRs. Finally, the palette of divergent genes swapped by PeSL-mediated homologous recombination is discussed in the context of the PeSLs’ potentially important role in facilitating phage adaption to new hosts and environments.

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Morphological differences between Pasteurella-bacteriophages

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

A Yersinia pestis-specific, lytic phage preparation significantly reduces viable Y. pestis on various hard surfaces experimentally contaminated with the bacterium

A Yersinia pestis-specific, lytic phage preparation significantly reduces viable Y. pestis on various hard surfaces experimentally contaminated with the bacterium

Bacteriophage-Resistant Mutants in Yersinia pestis: Identification of Phage Receptors and Attenuation for Mice

Composite Conserved Promoter–Terminator Motifs (PeSLs) that Mediate Modular Shuffling in the Diverse T4-Like Myoviruses

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