“…Thus, the interaction of O (ZnO) with C (carbon ball) during the high-temperature calcination essentially enlarges the lattice of ZnO, affecting a peak shift toward higher angles for the CBs component of ZnO@CBs, which proposes the possible C-doping of ZnO in the resultant ZnO@CBs compounds, XRD patterns (Fig. 5c), the typical diffractions corresponding to ZnO for ZnO@CBs the diffraction intensities of ZnO increases with increasing of the ZnO while pure ZnO presents the sharp diffractions of typical Wurtzite hexagonal zinc oxide phase 30 .Figure 5XRD patterns of ( a ) pristine CBs, different wt.% of ZnO@CBs and bare ZnO nanoparticles ( b ) magnified view of carbon peaks and ( c ) magnified view of ZnO peaks.…”
In the present study, a novel ZnO nanoparticles adorned nitrogen-doped carbon balls (ZnO@CBs) were successfully synthesized from polybenzoxazine and ZnO nanoparticles through a simple carbonization method. The typical wurtzite hexagonal zinc oxide phase in ZnO@CBs and degree of graphitization were revealed by the X-ray diffraction pattern. The field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the synthesized carbon materials have well dispersed ball-like structure, wherein, the ZnO nanoparticles are distributed evenly on the carbon balls (CBs). The synthesized ZnO@CBs with different wt.% (20, 40, 60 and 80) and bare ZnO nanoparticles were investigated for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation experiment. The synthesized ZnO@CBs exhibited high activity in the degradation of MB. Among the different wt.% of ZnO@CBs, 60 wt.% of ZnO@CBs showed the highest MB degradation ratio (99%) with a fast degradation rate (1.65% min−1) under the following optimum conditions: 20 mg of ZnO@CBs in 50 mL of MB solution at room temperature.
“…Thus, the interaction of O (ZnO) with C (carbon ball) during the high-temperature calcination essentially enlarges the lattice of ZnO, affecting a peak shift toward higher angles for the CBs component of ZnO@CBs, which proposes the possible C-doping of ZnO in the resultant ZnO@CBs compounds, XRD patterns (Fig. 5c), the typical diffractions corresponding to ZnO for ZnO@CBs the diffraction intensities of ZnO increases with increasing of the ZnO while pure ZnO presents the sharp diffractions of typical Wurtzite hexagonal zinc oxide phase 30 .Figure 5XRD patterns of ( a ) pristine CBs, different wt.% of ZnO@CBs and bare ZnO nanoparticles ( b ) magnified view of carbon peaks and ( c ) magnified view of ZnO peaks.…”
In the present study, a novel ZnO nanoparticles adorned nitrogen-doped carbon balls (ZnO@CBs) were successfully synthesized from polybenzoxazine and ZnO nanoparticles through a simple carbonization method. The typical wurtzite hexagonal zinc oxide phase in ZnO@CBs and degree of graphitization were revealed by the X-ray diffraction pattern. The field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the synthesized carbon materials have well dispersed ball-like structure, wherein, the ZnO nanoparticles are distributed evenly on the carbon balls (CBs). The synthesized ZnO@CBs with different wt.% (20, 40, 60 and 80) and bare ZnO nanoparticles were investigated for methylene blue (MB) dye degradation experiment. The synthesized ZnO@CBs exhibited high activity in the degradation of MB. Among the different wt.% of ZnO@CBs, 60 wt.% of ZnO@CBs showed the highest MB degradation ratio (99%) with a fast degradation rate (1.65% min−1) under the following optimum conditions: 20 mg of ZnO@CBs in 50 mL of MB solution at room temperature.
“…In addition, as reported in literature, ZnO nanomaterials can be easily obtained with 0-3 D morphologies: nanoparticles [10], nanorods [11], nanoflakes [12], and nanoflowers [13,14], among which the anisotropic structure of ZnO nanorods can facilitate the electron transportation [15]. Besides, ZnO is easier to crystallize on different supports (e.g., stainless steel mesh) with low-temperature methods [16][17][18][19].…”
Highly stable and active TiO 2 -coated Ag-modified ZnO nanorods supported on stainless steel mesh (xTi@Ag_ZnO-SS) were successfully synthesized in this work. A low-temperature one-pot hydrothermal method was used to grow Ag_ZnO on stainless steel mesh, and subsequently, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique was applied to deposit a TiO 2 layer on the surface of Ag_ZnO-SS. The addition of Ag-enhanced photoactivity via favored charge carrier transfer and the TiO 2 layer improved stability through suppressed corrosion under UV irradiation, which was demonstrated by cycling performance for RhB photodegradation in two aspects: morphology and photoactivity. After 10 cycles (2 h/cycle) RhB degradation tests under UV irradiation, all the TiO 2 -protected ZnO materials maintained more intact nanorods structure and more than 80% of the initial photoactivity in the 1st cycle, whereas the ZnO materials without TiO 2 coating were drastically deconstructed and only had 56% of initial photodegradation ability. Comprehensive study indicated that thicker TiO 2 layers resulted in higher stability but lower photoactivity due to the inhibited charge transfer. The developed TiO 2 @Ag_ZnO nanorods immobilized on stainless steel mesh demonstrated a promising strategy for the design of highly stable and active photocatalysts endowed with great industrial scalability and practicality.
“…One major approach is development of methods for increasing the surface‐to‐volume ratio of the structures, which in turn increases the number of photogenerated carriers. [ 123–129 ] Another approach is to combine photocatalyst materials with other materials in the form of hybrids, composites, n‐type and p‐type doping, which increases the electron–hole separation.…”
Section: Basic Principles Of Photochromism In Transition Metal Oxides and Organic Materialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The morphology of ZnO structures can be modified with choice of fabrication methods and conditions, and its photocatalytic activity is in turn tunable through choice of morphology. [ 121,122,126,127 ]…”
Section: Photocatalysis Related Applications In Uv Sensingmentioning
Limited levels of UV exposure can be beneficial to the human body. However, the UV radiation present in the atmosphere can be damaging if levels of exposure exceed safe limits which depend on the individual the skin color. Hence, UV photochromic materials that respond to UV light by changing their color are powerful tools to sense radiation safety limits. Photochromic materials comprise either organic materials, inorganic transition metal oxides, or a hybrid combination of both. The photochromic behavior largely relies on charge transfer mechanisms and electronic band structures. These factors can be influenced by the structure and morphology, fabrication, composition, hybridization, and preparation of the photochromic materials, among others. Significant challenges are involved in realizing rapid photochromic change, which is repeatable, reversible with low fatigue, and behaving according to the desired application requirements. These challenges also relate to finding the right synergy between the photochromic materials used, the environment it is being used for, and the objectives that need to be achieved. In this review, the principles and applications of photochromic processes for transition metal oxides and hybrid materials, photocatalytic applications, and the outlook in the context of commercialized sensors in this field are presented.
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