Morphological, physiological and behavioral responses of an intertidal snail, Acanthina monodon (Pallas), to projected ocean acidification and cooling water conditions in upwelling ecosystems

Acidification and high-temperature impacts on energetics and shell production of the edible clam Ameghinomya antiqua

“…As clams are common i n f a u n a l s p e c i e s , t h u s s h o w i n g b u r i a l b e h a v i o r (Lardies et al, 2001), and because the sediment from their natural habitat can change the chemical properties of the surrounding water (e.g., pH, alkalinity, see Brenner et al (2016), quartz sand, an inert material, was used to avoid any possible effect of the substrate on the experimental set-up, previous evaluation of DpH(in situ) inside and outside the quartz (DpH range = 0 -0.03 for the four treatments, unpublished data). Thus, each aquarium was assigned to one of four treatments (n = 4 aquariums per treatment, 80 specimens in total) in an orthogonal design simulating a current and future acidification scenario (pH = 7.9 and 7.5 respectively) and current and ocean warming conditions projected for the coast of centralsouthern Chile (T°= 10 and 15°C, respectively, see Duarte et al, 2022). To recreate a realistic scenario (Asnicar and Marin, 2022) the environmental change (T°and pH) was calculated to the end of the current century (2100) based on the current conditions near the study site.…”