Morphological, rheological, and mechanical properties of hybrid elastomeric foams based on natural rubber, nanoclay, and nanocarbon black

Vahidifar, Ali; Esmizadeh, Elnaz; Rostami, Ehsan; Khorasani, Saied Nouri; Rodrigue, Denis

doi:10.1002/pc.25290

Cited by 25 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In contrast, the pressure inside the conventional foam cells is almost constant and independent of ADC content leaving the cell strength unchanged. Second, from a foam morphological perspective, it is well accepted that the smaller the cell sizes are, the stronger its structure becomes to the forces to which it may be subjected . Smaller cell size in the novel foam enhances the capacity of its structure to resist deformations induced by the applied loads leading to improved mechanical properties including Young's moduli and hardness or weaker compressive stress‐strain behavior.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards novel super‐elastic foams based on isoperene rubber: Preparation and characterization

Vahidifar

Esmizadeh

Rodrigue

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A novel and conventional closed cell polyisoprene rubber (IR) foams were produced by a single step limited-expansion and two step unlimited-expansion foaming process, respectively. The effect of 3 to 12 part per hundred rubber (phr) of azodicarbonamide (ADC) foaming agent on their structure and properties of developed novel foams were studied. In developed novel foams, the density was strangely independent of ADC content; however, the cell sizes conversely related to ADC content and it decreased by 60% (555-330 μm) and the internal cell pressure build up from 1 to 3.7 atm, which was related to pressure-free foaming method. The both reasons of compressed gas trapped inside cells and constant density not only caused unique enhancement in novel foams mechanical properties as hardness and modulus but also improved their dynamic properties as hysteresis and elasticity. Results of conventional IR foams showed that, their foam density as well as dynamic and mechanical properties sharply decreased with increasing ADC content from 3 to 12 phr. For clear expression, in samples with 12 phr of ADC, novel developed foams have more foam density (180%), more hardness (240%), more modulus (290%), and smaller cell size (75%) than conventional foams.Finally, novel developed foams were super-elastic material with no hysteresis and no plastic deformation while conventional foams had 40% hysteresis and 10% plastic deformation under the same compression conditions. K E Y W O R D S cellular morphology, mechanical properties, polyisoprene rubber, polymer foam, super-elastic materials

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards novel super‐elastic foams based on isoperene rubber: Preparation and characterization

Vahidifar

Esmizadeh

Rodrigue

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…Moreover, the sound absorption of NR foams was improved with higher CB content due to a stiffening effect of the matrix (cell walls). In another work, Vahidifar et al used a hybrid reinforcing system containing organo-modified nanoclay (NC) and nanocarbon black (NCB) to determine the effect of NC content (0–10 phr) on the curing behavior, morphological and mechanical properties of NR foams including 10 phr of NCB [ 161 ]. The rheological results showed that increasing the NC content (0 to 10 phr) gradually changed the curing parameters such as 50% shorter scorch and curing time, higher curing rate, as well as higher initial and final torque.…”

Section: Rubber Foaming Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was concluded that the sound absorption capability of NR foams was related to the stiffness of the solid portion; i.e., it is controlled by the viscoelastic properties of the base material. Vahidifar et al reported that the effect of NC content and foam morphology on sound absorption and/or reflection was negligible ( Figure 16 ) [ 161 ]. They stated that the remarkable impedance difference between NR matrix and air led to very low penetration of sound waves and thus more sound reflection at the air–rubber interface.…”

Section: Properties Of Rubber Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams

Rostami‐Tapeh‐Esmaeil

Vahidifar

Esmizadeh

et al. 2021

Polymers

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With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to abrasion, energy absorption capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio and tensile strength leading to their widespread use in several applications such as thermal insulation, energy absorption, pressure sensors, absorbents, etc. To control the rubber foams microstructure leading to excellent physical and mechanical properties, two types of parameters play important roles. The first category is related to formulation including the rubber (type and grade), as well as the type and content of accelerators, fillers, and foaming agents. The second category is associated to processing parameters such as the processing method (injection, extrusion, compression, etc.), as well as different conditions related to foaming (temperature, pressure and number of stage) and curing (temperature, time and precuring time). This review presents the different parameters involved and discusses their effect on the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of rubber foams. Although several studies have been published on rubber foams, very few papers reviewed the subject and compared the results available. In this review, the most recent works on rubber foams have been collected to provide a general overview on different types of rubber foams from their preparation to their final application. Detailed information on formulation, curing and foaming chemistry, production methods, morphology, properties, and applications is presented and discussed.

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“…Increasing the CNT/GNS content decrea resilience because of the strong filler-rubber interaction, higher crosslink densi lower NR chain flexibility. On the other hand, hardness could increase via either mechanisms: hindering the rubber chain mobility caused by higher curing dens filler-rubber interactions and reducing the average foam cell size (discussed abov ilar behavior was observed for polymer solid or foam composites reinforced b types of nano reinforcements [18,30].…”

Section: Hardness and Resiliencementioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Hybrid of Nanographene/Carbon Nanotubes as Reinforcing Agents of NR-Based Rubber Foam

et al. 2021

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Natural rubber (NR) foams reinforced by a physical hybrid of nanographene/carbon nanotubes were fabricated using a two-roll mill and compression molding process. The effects of nanographene (GNS) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) were investigated on the curing behavior, foam morphology, and mechanical and thermal properties of the NR nanocomposite foams. Microscope investigations showed that the GNS/CNT hybrid fillers acted as nucleation agents and increased the cell density and decreased the cell size and wall thickness. Simultaneously, the cell size distribution became narrower, containing more uniform multiple closed-cell pores. The rheometric results showed that the GNS/CNT hybrids accelerated the curing process and decreased the scorch time from 6.81 to 5.08 min and the curing time from 14.3 to 11.12 min. Other results showed that the GNS/CNT hybrid improved the foam’s curing behavior. The degradation temperature of the nanocomposites at 5 wt.% and 50 wt.% weight loss increased from 407 °C to 414 °C and from 339 °C to 346 °C, respectively, and the residual ash increased from 5.7 wt.% to 12.23 wt.% with increasing hybrid nanofiller content. As the amount of the GNS/CNT hybrids increased in the rubber matrix, the modulus also increased, and the Tg increased slightly from −45.77 °C to −38.69 °C. The mechanical properties of the NR nanocomposite foams, including the hardness, resilience, and compression, were also improved by incorporating GNS/CNT hybrid fillers. Overall, the incorporation of the nano hybrid fillers elevated the desirable properties of the rubber foam.

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Morphological, rheological, and mechanical properties of hybrid elastomeric foams based on natural rubber, nanoclay, and nanocarbon black

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

Towards novel super‐elastic foams based on isoperene rubber: Preparation and characterization

Towards novel super‐elastic foams based on isoperene rubber: Preparation and characterization

Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams

Physical Hybrid of Nanographene/Carbon Nanotubes as Reinforcing Agents of NR-Based Rubber Foam

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