Morphological variation and heritability in three Melanesian populations: A multivariate approach

McHenry, Henry M.; Giles, Eugene

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330350211

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…This meant that the fatness variable studied must at least be some indirect Brook et al (1975), Osborne and DeGeorge (1959), Vandenberg (1962) Adoption and Biron et al (1977), Bouchard et al (1982), Garn et al (1976aGarn et al ( ,b, 1977aGarn et al ( .b, 1979a, Hartz cohabitation et al (1977), Shenker et al (1974), Withers (1964) Familial Bayley (1954), Borjeson (1962Borjeson ( , 1964, Bouchard (1980), Bouchard et al (1980a,b), Bowles aggregation (1932), Garn et al (1975), Garn and Clark (1975), Hawk and Brook (1979), Hewitt (1957), Howells (1966), Little and Malina (unpublished data), Martin et al (1973), Matsuki and Yoda (1971), McHenry and Giles (1971), Mueller (1977Mueller ( ,1978, Mueller and Titcomb (1977), Mueller and Reid (1979), Mueller and Malina (1980), Reynolds (1951), Savard et al (1983), Susanne (1975), Tanner and Israelsohn (1963), Wolanski (1976) (weight adjusted for height, body mass index, skinfold, somatotype, etc.) or direct (e.g., body density) measure of body fatness.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Other techniques have been used to separate the contribution of genes and environment to familial resemblance in body weight and fatness such as partial correlation (Mueller, 1977(Mueller, , 1978Mueller and Reid, 1979;Bouchard, 1980;Mueller and Malina, 1980), path analysis (Rao et aI., 1975;Bouchard et aI., 1980b), and families of identical twins (Meany et aI., unpublished). Some studies on the genetics of growth have included measurements indirectly related to fatness such as body mass index, body circumferences, and somatotypes (Bowles, 1932;Bayley, 1954;Vandenberg, 1962;Withers, 1964;McHenry and Giles, 1971;Susanne, 1975;Bouchard et aI., 1980a). Yet these have not generally been included in past reviews on the genetics of fatness.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The genetics of human fatness

Mueller

1983

American J Phys Anthropol

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Studies on the quantitative genetics of fatness are reviewed in the framework of the twin, adoption-cohabitation, and familial aggregation methodologies. Low to moderate heritability of adult static fatness is evident. Somewhat less than one-third of the variation appears ascribable to genetic causes. Genetic factors may play a greater role in childhood fatness, especially during adolescence. Comparison of studies is made difficult by many methodological shortcomings. These include a rarity of studies of adult firstdegree relatives (adulthood being the period in which fatness has the greatest health consequences), different criteria of body fatness among studies, a lack of a full variety of genetic and adoptive relationships, inadequate sample sizes (especially in twin studies), and unreported precision of fatness variables. Fatness change in the life cycle and the anatomical placement of fat are important modifiers of the health effects of obesity. Yet the genetics of these characteristics are little understood. Innovative statistical methods and study designsincluding path analysis, the family set method, and families of monozygous twins need wider application to the genetics of human fatness.Human obesity, or fatness, and its heredity have been reviewed in the past (Steinberg, 1960;Mayer, 1965;Seltzer and Mayer, 1966;Seltzer, 1969;Hunt, 1972;Foch and McClearn, 1980;Forbes, 1982). Early studies relied on clinical appraisals of obesity or indices derived from weight and height (Davenport, 1923;Dunlop and Lyon, 1931;Ellis and Tallerman, 1934;Gurney, 1936;Rony, 1940;Angel, 1949). Later studies have used more direct measurements of body fatness such as subcutaneous fat or body density (Reynolds, 1951;Hewitt, 1957;Tanner and Israelsohn, 1963;Howells, 1966; Brook et aI., 1975;Garn et al, 1975;Borjeson, 1962Borjeson, , 1964Borjeson, , 1976Wolanski, 1976;Hawk and Brook, 1979; Savard et aI., 1983). A series of recent adoption studies have also attempted to assess the contribution of environment to familial aggregation of fatness (Shenker et aI., 1974; Garn et aI., 1976a Garn et aI., ,b, 1977a Garn et aI., ,b, 1979a Biron et aI., 1977; Hartz et aI., 1977). Other techniques have been used to separate the contribution of genes and environment to familial resemblance in body weight and fatness such as partial correlation (Mueller, 1977(Mueller, , 1978Mueller and Reid, 1979;Bouchard, 1980;Mueller and Malina, 1980), path analysis (Rao et aI., 1975; Bouchard et aI., 1980b), and families of identical twins (Meany et aI., unpublished). Some studies on the genetics of growth have included measurements indirectly related to fatness such as body mass index, body circumferences, and somatotypes (Bowles, 1932; Bayley, 1954;Vandenberg, 1962;Withers, 1964;McHenry and Giles, 1971;Susanne, 1975; Bouchard et aI., 1980a). Yet these have not generally been included in past reviews on the genetics of fatness. This review is intended to bring this information together in a way which will critically assess the role of genes in hu...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetics of human fatness

Mueller

1983

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Several studies have attempted to correlate the degree of among-group variation (F) for metric traits with the heritabilities of these traits. The assumption is that when populations are genetically dissimilar but environmentally similar, those traits with the highest heritabilities will show the greatest degree of metric variation among groups (McHenry and Giles, 1971;Littlewood, 1972;Howells, 1973)…”

Section: Differentiation Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of quantitative traits in the study of human population structure

Relethford

Lees

1982

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

104

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Studies of human population structure and history have tended to use demographic and/or serological data for analysis. This paper reviews the methods and studies that incorporate quantitative traits (usually polygenic traits) in such analyses. Methods of assessing the degree and pattern of among-group variation are discussed, and are characterized as being model-free or model-bound. Model-free methods deal with the measure of overall populational differentiation and with comparative methods for describing the pattern of differentiation. Modelbound methods are used for direct incorporation into theoretical models of population structure in order to estimate genetic parameters, such as those in admixture and isolation by distance models. To date, studies have indicated that quantitative traits may often be used successfully in studies of human population structure, and show effects of microevolutionary forces on quantitative variation among populations.Quantitative variation, Population structure, Genetic driR, MiThe study of anthropological genetics seeks to relate theoretical models of population genetics with data on human behavior and population history. This interdisciplinary approach aids in determining the interplay between biological and cultural factors in human microevolution, and also allows inferences to be made concerning macroevolution. A major area of investigation in anthropological genetics has been population Structure. On a genetic level, population structure is defined as the relationship of gene and genotype frequencies within a population, or set of subpopulations. This distribution is essentially a reflection of a population's mating structure. Hence, the study of population structure offers an ideal focus for anthropological investigations of genetic variation. Population structure has often been defined in terms of assessing deviations from panmixia (Yasuda and Morton, 1967). A better definition, we believe, focuses on gene-genotype distributions, where an equilibrium population may be regarded as a special case (Relethford, 198Ob).The study of population structure encompasses a wide range of factors influencing mating-type probabilities and subsequent effects of genetic variation. These factors include limitation of potential mates due to restrictions such as finite population size and the age-sex distribution, preferences andlor avoidances of consanguineous matings, and barriers to migration due to geographic, topographic, social, and linguistic phenomena. During the past fifteen years, a number of books and reviews have considered 0096-848W82/2501-0113$05.50 0 1982 Alan R. Liss, Inc

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“…Within three Markham Valley populations, for example, Giles et al (1966bGiles et al ( , 1970 suggested that serological variability was best explained by stochastic processes-particularly the founder effect. McHenry and Giles (1971) offered the same explanation for extreme anthropometrical variability among these people. The applicability of these explanations to fingerprint variation has been investigated elsewhere (Froehlich and Giles, 1980).…”

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confidence: 75%

A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for prehistory

Froehlich

Giles

1981

American J Phys Anthropol

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Fingerprint data from three Markham Valley populations of Papua New Guinea are presented. Initial comparisons with data from elsewhere in New Guinea by conventional bivariate methods suggest hypotheses regarding prehistory, but these methods are inconclusive. Because of this shortcoming, the application of discriminant analysis to dermatoglyphic data is justified and cautiously demonstrated. Discriminant analysis is a valid approach to the parsimonious study of fingerprint relationships among human populations. Significant discriminating variables are then used with the limited published data to display historical relationships. These marker traits include the separate frequencies of thumb, middle fingers, and little finger patterning, and the complexity of the thenar eminence. With regard to prehistory, it is concluded that fingerprint data support the hypothesis of separate origins and migrations for Papuan‐ and Melanesian‐speaking peoples. Furthermore, it is suggested that these data support the linguistic hypothesis of a second Papuan migration of Trans New Guinea Phylum speakers, up the Markham Valley into the New Guinea Highlands. Finally, gene flow is indicated from Melanesian speakers of the north coast into the interior through the Sepik and Ramu River valleys, affecting both the Trans New Guinea Phylum and other unrelated Papuan groups. Moreover, there are numerous suggestions of recent reciprocal genetic exchange between neighboring Melanesians and Papuans, without obliterating the older, separate origins of these peoples. These results suggest that fingerprints have greater phylogenetic stability than other biological parameters used in the past.

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Morphological variation and heritability in three Melanesian populations: A multivariate approach

Cited by 22 publications

References 10 publications

The genetics of human fatness

The genetics of human fatness

The use of quantitative traits in the study of human population structure

A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for prehistory

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