Morphology and Phylogeny of Ascomycete Lichens

Ott, S.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07334-6_11

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 155 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…While ascomatal characters have traditionally played the major role in the higher-level classification of lichenized (and non-lichenized) fungi (Ott and Lumbsch 2001;Printzen 2010), species-level classification in lichenforming fungi often include a wide array of vegetative characters as well. Morphological thalline characters used to distinguish species in lichen-forming fungi include various characters, such as thallus form and size, presence/form/color of attachment organs (e.g., rhizines, holdfast) and other supplementary organs (cilia, hairs, etc.…”

Section: Morphological and Chemical Characters Used In Species Delimimentioning

confidence: 99%

Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi

2011

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Accurate species delimitations are crucial for ecological and conservation studies, assessments of biotic diversity, and identifying factors driving diversification. Estimates suggest that the vast majority of fungal species are currently unknown. Although many undescribed fungal taxa are expected to be indentified within understudied groups and from underexplored areas, mounting evidence suggests a substantial number of unrecognized fungal species are likely hidden within traditional phenotypebased species in lichen-forming fungi. Molecular genetics has revolutionized our ability to assess traditional species concepts and provides additional tools for robust species delimitation. In general, lichens display few taxonomically usefully characters; therefore molecular data have gained great importance in delimiting fungal species in lichen symbioses. As a result, the taxonomic value of phenotypical characters is now much better understood, and in many cases previously overlooked characters have been identified supporting molecular-based species circumscriptions. Although in some cases molecular research has verified traditional hypotheses, most studies repeatedly show that our current interpretation of morphological and chemical characters is inadequate to accurately characterize diversity. Here we report on the role of molecular data in understanding species-level diversity in lichenized fungi by reviewing current literature, focusing primarily on Ascomycota. While finding and applying the appropriate character sets and analytical tools remains one of the greatest challenges to empirical species delimitation in lichen-forming fungi, the available literature indicates that the inclusion of molecular data in species circumscription is crucial to establish robust hypotheses of species boundaries in this important group of fungi.

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Section: Morphological and Chemical Characters Used In Species Delimimentioning

confidence: 99%

Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi

2011

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“…This is especially true in fungal groups, including lichen-forming fungi, for which vegetative characters have traditionally played an important role in classification and inferring relationships. Lichenized fungi usually form persistent thalli to house their photosynthetic partner and produce a wide array of secondary metabolites that play a variety of roles in the maintenance of the symbiotic association [ 1 - 5 ]. These phenotypical characters have been heavily utilized in traditional classifications of these organisms [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Phenotypical Character Evolution in Parmelioid Lichenized Fungi (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

et al. 2013

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Parmelioid lichens form a species-rich group of predominantly foliose and fruticose lichenized fungi encompassing a broad range of morphological and chemical diversity. Using a multilocus approach, we reconstructed a phylogeny including 323 OTUs of parmelioid lichens and employed ancestral character reconstruction methods to understand the phenotypical evolution within this speciose group of lichen-forming fungi. Specifically, we were interested in the evolution of growth form, epicortex structure, and cortical chemistry. Since previous studies have shown that results may differ depending on the reconstruction method used, here we employed both maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood approaches to reconstruct ancestral character states. We have also implemented binary and multistate coding of characters and performed parallel analyses with both coding types to assess for potential coding-based biases. We reconstructed the ancestral states for nine well-supported major clades in the parmelioid group, two higher-level sister groups and the ancestral character state for all parmelioid lichens. We found that different methods for coding phenotypical characters and different ancestral character state reconstruction methods mostly resulted in identical reconstructions but yield conflicting inferences of ancestral states, in some cases. However, we found support for the ancestor of parmelioid lichens having been a foliose lichen with a non-pored epicortex and pseudocyphellae. Our data suggest that some traits exhibit patterns of evolution consistent with adaptive radiation.

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“…The taxa occur on rocks, bark, soil or mosses and have a crustose growth form. The family exhibits a special type of hemiangiocarpous ascoma development (Henssen, 1976; Ott & Lumbsch, 2001), thick‐walled amyloid asci, relatively large ascospores, and green algae as primary photosynthetic partners. The family is classified in the order Pertusariales (Eriksson & Hawksworth, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of micromorphological and chemical characters in the lichen-forming fungal family Pertusariaceae

Lumbsch

Schmitt

Barker

et al. 2006

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Micromorphological characters of the fruiting bodies, such as ascus-type and hymenial amyloidity, and secondary chemistry have been widely employed as key characters in Ascomycota classification. However, the evolution of these characters has yet not been studied using molecular phylogenies. We have used a combined Bayesian and maximum likelihood based approach to trace character evolution on a tree inferred from a combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. The maximum likelihood aspect overcomes simplifications inherent in maximum parsimony methods, whereas the Markov chain Monte Carlo aspect renders results independent of any particular phylogenetic tree. The results indicate that the evolution of the two chemical characters is quite different, being stable once developed for the medullary lecanoric acid, whereas the cortical chlorinated xanthones appear to have been lost several times. The current ascus-types and the amyloidity of the hymenial gel in Pertusariaceae appear to have been developed within the family. The basal ascus-type of pertusarialean fungi remains unknown.

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Morphology and Phylogeny of Ascomycete Lichens

Cited by 8 publications

References 155 publications

Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi

Goodbye morphology? A paradigm shift in the delimitation of species in lichenized fungi

Understanding Phenotypical Character Evolution in Parmelioid Lichenized Fungi (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)

Evolution of micromorphological and chemical characters in the lichen-forming fungal family Pertusariaceae

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