Morphology and retinal distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the retina of developingXenopus laevis

Zhu, Bao‐Song; Straznicky, Charles

doi:10.1007/bf01744259

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 43 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Immunocytochemistry (19,20) of the dopaminergic cells in Xenopus retina has revealed that the cells and processes are distributed fairly evenly in the horizontal plane at a density of 25 cells per mm2. The arbors of adjacent cells overlap, creating a dense network of fine processes in the distal-most sublamina of the inner plexiform layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular dopamine concentration in the retina of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.

Witkovsky

Nicholson

Rice

et al. 1993

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dopamine reaches targets in the outer retina of the clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) by diffusion from a network of dopaminergic cells and processes located predominantly at the junction of inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers. We obtained values for the steady-state release, uptake, and extracellular concentration of dopamine in the retina by a combination of HPLC (with electrochemical detection), scintillation spectroscopy, and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Vitreal concentrations of dopamine varied from 564 ± 109 nM in light-adapted eyes near the time of subjective dawn to 156 ± 12 nM in dark-adapted eyes. The data are consistent with a simple model for steady-state dopamine diffusion from an appropriately sited thin-sheet source. This model was used to generate a profile of extracellular dopamine concentration as a function of retinal depth. The model predicted an increase in the dopamine concentration from the vitreous to the layer of dopaminergic cells, remaining constant from that layer to the distal tips of the photoreceptors. This prediction was borne out by comparing fast-scan voltammetric measures of dopamine at the distal tips of the receptors with the vitreal concentrations determined by HPLC using electrochemical detection.In the vertebrate retina, dopamine has been implicated in a host of processes, including modulation of neural circuitry (1-4), light and dark adaptation (5), photomechanical movements (6), and circadian rhythmicity (7). The sole source of dopamine in the retina is a subclass of amacrine or interplexiform cell (8). Thus in all vertebrates except fishes, the great majority of dopaminergic processes are confined to the inner retina (9), yet there is clear evidence that outer retinal cells-i.e., photoreceptors, horizontal cells, and cells of the retinal pigment epithelium, located 10-100 ,um from the layer of dopaminergic neurons-have receptors for dopamine (10)(11)(12). On this basis it has been postulated that dopamine reaches these targets by diffusion (11), thus exemplifying a "local hormone" or volume transmission mode of communication (13 The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. located 2 m above the tank provided about 30 puW/cm2 at the surface of the water. Dark-adapted eyes were obtained from frogs kept overnight in a light-tight container and sacrificed under dim red light.To measure vitreous dopamine, dark-or light-adapted eyes were flash frozen on dry ice immediately after enucleation, and the frozen vitreous bodies were dissected free of adherent tissues under a microscope. A 10-,ld aliquot of deionized water containing 0.004% ascorbate was added to each sample. The isolated vitreous bodies were stored at -80°C until analyzed by HPLC with electrochemical detection (ED) using an ESA (Bedford, MA) model 5100 coulometric electrochemical detector equipped with a model 5011 dualelectrode high-sensitivit...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular dopamine concentration in the retina of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.

Witkovsky

Nicholson

Rice

et al. 1993

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…So far, 8 neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have been found in the amacrine cells of Xenopus laevis (Hiscock and Straznicky, 1990;Zhu and Straznicky, 1991; our own observation). There also is suggestive data that regional cues may contribute to the specification of the various neurotransmitter subtypes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

Asymmetrical blastomere origin and spatial domains of dopamine and neuropeptide Y amacrine subtypes in Xenopus tadpole retina

Huang

Moody

1995

J of Comparative Neurology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Amacrine cells are located almost exclusively in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the retina, but they express a variety of neurotransmitters. To begin to elucidate the relative roles of the local environment and cell lineage in determining the different neurotransmitter subtypes of amacrine cells, we combined lineage tracing and immunocytochemical techniques to map the spatial distribution and clonal origin of dopamine (DA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) amacrine cells in Xenopus tadpole retina. At the earliest period of neurotransmitter expression, both DA and NPY amacrine cells were distributed preferentially in center and intermediate annular regions, and in anterior and dorsal quadrants. Most of the DA and NPY cells first emerged as scattered cells and later as clusters (of 2 or more cells) that increased in number and size up to premetamorphic stages. These results suggest that DA and NPY amacrine subtypes may be influenced by environmental cues localized to specific regions of the retina. Lineage analysis showed that the percentage of DA or NPY amacrine cells produced by most blastomere progenitors is significantly different from that predicted by the number of cells in the retina produced by those blastomeres. Only two blastomeres produced over 90% of the DA amacrine cells and only four produced 97% of the NPY amacrine cells. Some retinal progenitors did not contribute at all to these two amacrine subtypes. There also is a marked asymmetry in the blastomere origin of DA and NPY amacrine cells. Two retinal progenitors produced significant numbers of NPY but very few DA amacrine cells. This analysis provides evidence that blastomere origin restricts the developmental choices of retinal progenitors.

show abstract

“…Abbreviations:H hypothalamus; MY myelencephalon; OB olfactory bulb; OT optic tectum; PA preoptic area; PPr periventricular pretectum; PT posterior tuberculum; T telencephalon; VT ventral thalamus. Scale bar = 250 lm Salmo trutta fario (Becerra et al 1994), zebrafish (Holzschuh et al 2001;present results), the frog, Xenopus laevis (Zhu and Straznicky 1991) and in several mammals (Martin-Martinelli et al 1989, among others). There is a striking similarity in the time of the onset of TH expression in all vertebrate species analyzed, because the immunoreactivity for TH is detected for the first time after photoreceptors have begun to differentiate.…”

Section: Retinamentioning

confidence: 96%

Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the developing visual pathway of the zebrafish

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We analyzed the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the central nervous zones involved in the processing of visual information during zebrafish ontogeny, employing a segmental approach. In the retina, we observed immunolabeled cells in the inner nuclear layer after hatching. From the juvenile stages onwards, some of these cells presented two immunolabeled processes towards the inner and outer plexiform layers of the retina, which are identified as interplexiform cells. In the adult zebrafish retina, we have identified two cellular types displaying immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase: interplexiform and amacrine cells. In the optic tectum, derived from the mesencephalon, no immunolabeled neurons were observed in any of the stages analyzed. The periventricular gray zone and the superficial white zone display immunostained neuropile from the end of fry life onwards. At the 30-day postfertilization, the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neuropile in the optic tectum presents two bands located within the retinorecipient strata and deeper strata, respectively. All diencephalic regions, which receive direct retinal inputs, show immunolabeled cells in the preoptic area, in the pretectum, and in the ventral thalamus from embryonic stages onwards. During the fry development, the immunolabeled neurons can be observed in the periventricular pretectum from 15-days postfertilization and in both the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus from 30-days postfertilization. The transient expression of tyrosine hydroxylase is observed in fibers of the optic tract during fry and juvenile development. The existence of immunolabeled neuropile in the zebrafish retinorecipient strata could be related to the turnover of retinotectal projections.

show abstract

Morphology and retinal distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the retina of developingXenopus laevis

Cited by 18 publications

References 43 publications

Extracellular dopamine concentration in the retina of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.

Extracellular dopamine concentration in the retina of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.

Asymmetrical blastomere origin and spatial domains of dopamine and neuropeptide Y amacrine subtypes in Xenopus tadpole retina

Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the developing visual pathway of the zebrafish

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About