Morphology, Genome Organization, Replication, and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Kumar, Sanjeev; Nyodu, Rajni; Maurya, Vimal K.; Saxena, Shailendra K.

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_3

Cited by 185 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The understanding of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 is at an early stage. Much research is still needed in various areas such as viral transmission, 93 disease progression, differential clinical diagnosis, 94 laboratory diagnosis, 95 antigenic 96 pathogenicity, 97 epitopes, immunogenic kinetics, 98 drugs, immunotherapeutic products, 99 prevention, and control strategies, 100,101 cell-based therapy, 102 phytotherapy, 103 and clinical trials of plasma transfusion. Recently, the potential targets of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 were predicted by comparison to SARS-CoV.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics

Gupta

Karki

Dandu

et al. 2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Passive immunotherapeutics (PITs), including convalescent plasma, serum, or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, have been of clinical importance during sudden outbreaks since the early twentieth century for the treatment of viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and swine flu (H1N1). With the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, wherein effective antivirals and vaccines are still lacking, an interest in convalescent plasma therapy as a lifesaving option has resurfaced due to its capacity for antigenic neutralization and reducing viremia. This review summarizes convalescent blood products (CBPs) in terms of current technologies and the shortcomings related to the collection, manufacture, pathogen inactivation, and banking of CBPs, with a specific focus on their plausible applications, benefits, and risks in the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics

Gupta

Karki

Dandu

et al. 2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…After viral replication and before the viral release, the spikes budding from the Golgi apparatus to cell membrane and the ribonucleic core start to evolved out-side with this S-rich membrane. Not microscopical evidence of this nal stage was proved for SARS-CoV-2, but following its similarity with SARS-CoV, this characteristic has been assumed (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The envelope-anchored spike protein guides coronavirus entry into host cells. This state of the spike on the mature virions is called "prefusion" (1,(8)(9)(10). After viral replication and before the viral release, the spikes budding from the Golgi apparatus to cell membrane and the ribonucleic core start to evolved out-side with this S-rich membrane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2: High-Resolution Microscopy Study in Human Nasopharyngeal Samples.

Mondeja¹,

Valdés²,

Resik³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundThe novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent of COVID-19. This virus has become one of the most dangerous in recent times with a very high rate of transmission. At present, several publications show the typical crown-shape of the novel coronavirus grown in cell cultures. However, an integral ultramicroscopy study done directly from clinical specimens has not been published. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from two Cuban individuals, one asymptomatic and RT-PCR negative (negative control) and the other from a COVID-19 symptomatic and RT-PCR positive for SARS CoV-2. Samples were treated with an aldehyde solution and processed by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Confocal Microscopy and, Atomic Force Microscopy. Improvement and segmentation of coronavirus images were performed by mathematic algorithms. Results The images of the negative control sample showed the characteristic healthy microvilli morphology at the apical region of the nasal epithelial cells. As expected, they do not display virus-like structures. The images of the positive sample showed characteristic coronavirus-like particles and evident destruction of microvilli. In some regions, virions gemmating through the cell membrane were observed. Microvilli destruction could explain the anosmia reported by some patients. Virus-particles emerging from the cell-surface with a variable size ranging from 80 to 400 nm were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A confocal study showed viral antigen recognition in the apical cells zone. Conclusions The integral microscopy study showed that SARS-CoV-2 has a similar image to SARS-CoV. The application of several high-resolution microscopy techniques to clinical samples can help to answer important questions its replicative cycle and immunopathogenic mechanism of this novel coronavirus, relevant for the development of new treatments against this disease.

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“…As hopes for effective treatment and/or a vaccine rise every day, we are aiming here to contribute to the global goal of attaining effective treatment. Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that belong to the family Coronaviridae [2]. SARS-CoV-2 size usually ranges 70 -90 nm, as shown in Figure 1, it consists of the surface viral protein spike, membrane, and envelope of coronavirus are embedded in the host membrane-derived lipid bilayer encapsulating the helical nucleocapsid comprising viral RNA [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that belong to the family Coronaviridae [2]. SARS-CoV-2 size usually ranges 70 -90 nm, as shown in Figure 1, it consists of the surface viral protein spike, membrane, and envelope of coronavirus are embedded in the host membrane-derived lipid bilayer encapsulating the helical nucleocapsid comprising viral RNA [2]. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pneumonia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ivermectin: A Closer Look at a Potential Remedy

Elkholy

Hegazy

Erdinc

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Amid the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the search for effective treatment and vaccines has been exponentially on the rise. Finding effective treatment has been the core of attention of many scientific reports and antivirals are in the center of those treatments. Numerous antivirals are being studied for the management of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia caused by the SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir was the first drug to gain emergency FDA approval to be used in COVID-19. Similarly, favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug, is being studied as a potential agent against COVID-19. Contrastingly, hydroxychloroquine has been a controversial drug in the management of COVID-19. Nevertheless, the National Institute of Health (NIH), along with the World Health Organization (WHO), have discontinued clinical trials for hydroxychloroquine as the drug showed little or no survival benefit. Ivermectin, an antihelminthic drug, has shown antiviral properties previously. Additionally, it was described to be effective in vivo against the SARS-CoV-2. However, its survival benefit in patients with COVID-19 has not been documented. We herein propose the theory of inhaled ivermectin which can attain the desired lung concentration that will render it effective against SARS-CoV-2.

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Morphology, Genome Organization, Replication, and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Cited by 185 publications

References 22 publications

COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics

COVID-19: benefits and risks of passive immunotherapeutics

SARS-CoV-2: High-Resolution Microscopy Study in Human Nasopharyngeal Samples.

Ivermectin: A Closer Look at a Potential Remedy

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