Morphology of Spores and Prothalli of Some Species of Polypodiaceae

Nayar, B. K.

doi:10.1086/336154

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Spores of the other species were obtained through the courtesy ofthe University Botanical Garden, Cambridge, and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Spore morphology is studied from fresh as well as acetolysed spores mounted in glycerine jelly; techniques of study and terminology used in the descriptions are the same as reported recently (Nayar, 1964). Prothallial morphology is based entirely on cultures raised on sterile agar medium (Nayar, 1962b) maintained a t 24 2°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological studies on some species of Blechnum, Doodia, Woodwardia and Stenochlaena

Nayar

Bajpai

Raza

1966

Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany

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SUMMARY Morphology of the spores, prothalli and juvenile sporophytes of 6 spp. of Blechnum, 4 spp. oi Doodia, 3 spp. of Woodwardia and 2 spp. of Stenochlaena is described. The spores are monolete, bilateral, with tenuimarginate laesura, and ranging in size from 30–35 times 45–55 μ in Doodia to 40–50 times 70–75 μ in Woodwardia. The exine is 2–3 μ thick and smooth, except in Stenochlaena in which it is prominently verrucate to rugulose. All genera, except Stenochlaena, are perinate, the perine being granulose and either loose and wrinkled as in Woodwardia or closely adherent to the exine and devoid of wrinkles as in Doodia. The spores germinate within 2–3 days of sowing and develop within 3 or 4 days of germination into densely chlorophyllous germ filaments, 3–9 cells long. The rhizoids are light brownish in colour and may include a few scattered plastids. There is some variation in the sequence of cell divisions during the development of a prothallial plate and establishment of a meristem, the same species often exhibiting a fair amount of plasticity in developmental history. The simplest condition is one in which the anterior cells of the germ filament, including the terminal cell, divide longitudinally and an obconical meri‐stematic cell is differentiated by an oblique division in one of the daughter cells of the terminal cell (as in B. gibbum, B. orientate, D. dives and often in D. maxima). The prothallial plate then expands and develops a cordate apex; the meristematic cell is later replaced by a multicellular meristem in the usual way. In most spp. of Blechnum, however, the terminal cell of the germ filament produces an apical hair before dividing longitudinally. Also, a meristematic cell may not be differentiated soon after the first longitudinal division, one of the daughter cells continuing growth of the germ filament. In Woodwardia spp., D. aspera and D. media the terminal cell (sometimes 2 cells at the anterior end) becomes quiescent when the germ filaments are 5–8 cells long. The cell behind i t divides longitudinally and one of the daughter cells develops an obconical meristematic cell adjacent to the quiescent apex, as in the Doodia spp., or by further divisions form an asymmetric, broad, prothallial plate in which a meristematic cell is differentiated in a marginal cell on the broader side of the plate. A marginal hair is produced prior to the establishment of a meristematic cell. The meristematic region later becomes ‘apical’ by unilateral growth of the young prothallus. In Stenochlaena there is a perceptible retardation in growth at the anterior end of the germ filaments when they are 6 7 cells long; the terminal cell often ends in a hair and a prothallial plate is developed from cells behind the quiescent apical region of the germ filament. The meristematic cell is developed laterally. The mature prothallus is of the cordate type, reaching maturity in about 8 weeks from spore germination, but often continuing growth for long and sometimes elongating markedly with age. In Stenochluena the prothall...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological studies on some species of Blechnum, Doodia, Woodwardia and Stenochlaena

Nayar

Bajpai

Raza

1966

Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany

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“…The spore-measurements are averages of ten readings in each plane, of spores selected a t random, and are expremed as Polar diameter (P) x Equatorial diameter ( E ) : The perine as well as the excrescences on the exine are excluded from the dimensions given. For study of spore germination and development of the prothalli, the same techniques as were reported in earlier studies (Nayar, 1962d) are used. The spores are grown on sterile Knop's agar medium in glass containers, maintained a t 24 & 2°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology of the gametophytes of some species of Pellaea and Notholaena

Nayar

Bajpai

1964

Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany

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SUMMARY Morphology of the spores, prothalli and juvenile leaves of 6 spp. of Pellaea. and 2 spp. of Notholaena is described. The spores are trilete and possess a crassimarginate laesura. The exine is psilate and there is a distinct psilate perine in Notholaena. In most species of Pellaea the exine is psilate, but there is a perinous ornamented outer layer closely adhering to it: the exine is spinulose and a perinous layer is absent in P. falcata and P. rotundifolia. The germ filament is composed of short, thick cells. A prothallial plate is formed by longitudinal divisions of the anterior cells when the germ filaments are 4–10 cells long. In some species, the terminal cells of the filament are sluggish and are often pushed aside by expansion of cells behind them. Young prothalli are usually ameristic but a sluggish obconical apical cell may be differentiated in some species. As the prothallus grows, the apex becomes notched and cordate. Cells behind the apical notch then constitute an apical meristem. Formation of a midrib is initiated when the prothalli are 5–6 weeks old. P. doniana, P. falcata and P. rotundifolia are sexually reproducing species and develop cordate naked prothalli with thin midribs bearing sex organs. The others are apogamous and the prothalli, soon after the development of a cordate apex, become irregular in shape. Apogamous development of the sporophyte is initiated by the formation of a multicellular cushion on the lower surface of the thallus, generally behind the apical notch: on highly lobed thalli the major lobes may develop a separate sporophyte on each. The cushion develops glandular hairs and paleae similar to those on the sporophyte and grows out as a flat, hood‐like protuberance in which a 3 ‐sided meristematic cell may soon be developed. The hood grows out as the 1st juvenile leaf and often a second leaf is soon developed near its base. A stem apex is differentiated by cells close to the leaf base and further leaves are formed. No roots are produced till the sporophyte develops 3 or 4 leaves. Vascular elements are developed in the apogamous cushion early in development and often extend into the prothallial tissue below. The lamina of the early juvenile leaves is nearly spatulate and entire or faintly lobed: it is naked in the first few leaves, but later, glandular hairs spread from the stipe upwards over the lamina.

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“…1L-M) was located under notch. The type of development was purely ''Drynaria type'' as discussed by Nayar andKaur (1969, 1971).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Germination of fern spores, growth, and further development of resulting gametophytes in artificial media is a well-studied area in pteridophyte and developmental biological research (Nayar, 1962;Atkinson and Stokey, 1964;Kato, 1969;Klekowski, 1969;Nayar and Kaur, 1969;Nayar and Kaur, 1971;Masuyama, 1975a, b;Khare and Kaur, 1983;Raghavan, 1989;Chiou and Farrar, 1997;Verma et al, 2000;Verma, 2003;Ganguly and Mukhopadhyay, 2005). Nayar and Kaur (1971) and Atkinson (1973) pointed out that the sequence and plane of cell divisions, pattern of gametophyte development, as well as the direction of initial growth of the first rhizoid and germ filament with respect to the polarity of germinating spore are distinct characteristics and can be utilized effectively for drawing phylogenetic relationships among various taxonomic groups.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nayar and Kaur (1971) and Atkinson (1973) pointed out that the sequence and plane of cell divisions, pattern of gametophyte development, as well as the direction of initial growth of the first rhizoid and germ filament with respect to the polarity of germinating spore are distinct characteristics and can be utilized effectively for drawing phylogenetic relationships among various taxonomic groups. Nayar (1962) studied the spore germination and prothallial morphology of Arthromeris wallichiana (Sprengel) Ching along with some other polypodiaceous ferns. However, no work has been done on the prothallial development of the epiphytic fern Arthromeris himalayensis.…”

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confidence: 99%

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