Morphology of the Insula in Relation to Hearing Status and Sign Language Experience

Allen, John S.; Emmorey, Karen; Bruss, Joel; Damásio, Hanna

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3141-08.2008

Cited by 61 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…1). These areas with FA differences are consistent with previous DTI studies of early deaf individuals [Kim et al, 2009] and with conventional MRI [Allen et al, 2008;Emmorey et al, 2003;Shibata, 2007]. Post hoc tests showed that CD exhibited lower FA values, when compared with HC, in right STG (P ¼ 8.56 Â 10 À12 ), in left HG (P ¼ 7.96 Â 10 À6 ), and in SCC (P ¼ 1.91 Â 10 À5 ).…”

Section: Regions Of Significant Difference In Fa Among the Three Groupssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have found decreased whitematter volume in auditory cortex and surrounding areas in congenitally or early deaf individuals when compared with normal hearing individuals [Allen et al, 2008;Emmorey et al, 2003;Shibata, 2007]. The abnormal white matter in the auditory cortex may be related to the crossmodal plasticity in this region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitive period for white‐matter connectivity of superior temporal cortex in deaf people

Ding

Booth

et al. 2011

Human Brain Mapping

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Previous studies have shown that white matter in the deaf brain changes due to hearing loss. However, how white-matter development is influenced by early hearing experience of deaf people is still unknown. Using diffusion tensor imaging and tract-based spatial statistics, we compared white-matter structures among three groups of subjects including 60 congenitally deaf individuals, 36 acquired deaf (AD) individuals, and 38 sex- and age-matched hearing controls (HC). The result showed that the deaf individuals had significantly reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) values in bilateral superior temporal cortex and the splenium of corpus callosum compared to HC. The reduction of FA values in acquired deafness correlated with onset age of deafness, but not the duration of deafness. To explore the underlying mechanism of FA changes in the deaf groups, we further analyzed radial and axial diffusivities and found that (1) the reduced FA values in deaf individuals compared to HC is primarily driven by higher radial diffusivity values and (2) in the AD, higher radial diffusivity was correlated with earlier onset age of deafness, but not the duration of deafness. These findings imply that early sensory experience is critical for the growth of fiber myelination, and anatomical reorganization following auditory deprivation is sensitive to early plasticity in the brain.

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Section: Regions Of Significant Difference In Fa Among the Three Groupssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive period for white‐matter connectivity of superior temporal cortex in deaf people

Ding

Booth

et al. 2011

Human Brain Mapping

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“…In another study, a patient with long-term somatosensory deafferentation showed abnormal thinning of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) alongside thickening of the cingulate and insula (Ceko et al 2013), regions that are anatomically and functionally related to S1. Compensatory augmentations of gray matter volume have also been reported in individuals with deafness (Allen et al 2008) and blindness (Lepore et al 2010).…”

Section: Local and Remote Plasticity Following Lesionsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Neural Reorganization Due to Neonatal Amygdala Lesions in the Rhesus Monkey: Changes in Morphology and Network Structure

et al. 2017

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It is generally believed that neural damage that occurs early in development is associated with greater adaptive capacity relative to similar damage in an older individual. However, few studies have surveyed whole brain changes following early focal damage. In this report, we employed multimodal magnetic resonance imaging analyses of adult rhesus macaque monkeys who had previously undergone bilateral, neurotoxic lesions of the amygdala at about 2 weeks of age. A deformation-based morphometric approach demonstrated reduction of the volumes of the anterior temporal lobe, anterior commissure, basal ganglia, and pulvinar in animals with early amygdala lesions compared to controls. In contrast, animals with early amygdala lesions had an enlarged cingulate cortex, medial superior frontal gyrus, and medial parietal cortex. Diffusion-weighted imaging tractography and network analysis were also used to compare connectivity patterns and higher-level measures of communication across the brain. Using the communicability metric, which integrates direct and indirect paths between regions, lesioned animals showed extensive degradation of network integrity in the temporal and orbitofrontal cortices. This work demonstrates both degenerative as well as progressive large-scale neural changes following long-term recovery from neonatal focal brain damage.

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“…Different spatial language correlates with different spatial memory strategies [62]. Given brain plasticity, speakers of different languages are likely to have slightly different brains [63]. Literacy, for example, substantially rewires the brain [64,65].…”

Section: Processes Of Language Diversificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tools from evolutionary biology shed new light on the diversification of languages

Levinson

Gray

2012

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

120

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Computational methods have revolutionized evolutionary biology. In this paper we explore the impact these methods are now having on our understanding of the forces that both affect the diversification of human languages and shape human cognition. We show how these methods can illuminate problems ranging from the nature of constraints on linguistic variation to the role that social processes play in determining the rate of linguistic change. Throughout the paper we argue that the cognitive sciences should move away from an idealized model of human cognition, to a more biologically realistic model where variation is central.Variation is the key Evolutionary scientists study variation. A key element of the Darwinian revolution was the insight that variation within species was not some superficial noise that should be stripped away to reveal the underlying species essence [1]. Variation is the signal -over evolutionary time variation within species becomes variation between species. As a legacy of the 1950s Cognitive Science movement, cognitive scientists have often thought of language on a par with vision, olfaction or memory -a human faculty with a universal organization, subject only to minor variation. But compared to animal communication systems one of the most remarkable things about human language is that there are 7000 of them, and they are culturally variable at every level of their structure, from the sound system, to the grammar, to the semantics. In this review we explore why this is, what has driven the diversification of languages, and how these processes can be systematically studied. Rather than viewing this diversity as noise distorting underlying principles, we argue that this variation is a vital resource for understanding the crucial capacity that makes us human, and that tools derived from evolutionary biology give us powerful new ways of analyzing this variation [2][3][4].Why do languages vary? Darwin [5] pondered this point, noting the curious parallels between languages and species, and indeed similar processes of speciation, drift, and adaptation can be observed in the language domain. Processes of group boundary formation account for change under demographic pressures, drift accounts for change by geographic or social isolation, and adaptation for the changes that can be observed as languages reflect the cultural uses to which they are put (with e.g. color words reflecting the technology of dye and paint [6], kinship terms the systems of marriage, residence and inheritance [7], and highly embedded sentences the growth of literacy and its specialist genres [8]).These observations are not new (although there is much recent literature providing new data and insight). What is new, however, is the recent development of highly sophisticated computational tools for exploring these processes of diversification. What these tools make possible is the meticulous inference of detailed past processes from the current diversity in all its complexity. This is time travel of a kind we could in the past onl...

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Morphology of the Insula in Relation to Hearing Status and Sign Language Experience

Cited by 61 publications

References 41 publications

Sensitive period for white‐matter connectivity of superior temporal cortex in deaf people

Sensitive period for white‐matter connectivity of superior temporal cortex in deaf people

Neural Reorganization Due to Neonatal Amygdala Lesions in the Rhesus Monkey: Changes in Morphology and Network Structure

Tools from evolutionary biology shed new light on the diversification of languages

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