Morphology of the tongue of the emu (&lt;i&gt;Dromaius novaehollandiae&lt;/i&gt;). I. Gross anatomical features and topography

Crole, Martina Rachel; Soley, John Thomson

doi:10.4102/ojvr.v76i3.39

Cited by 17 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In R. americana (Parker 1866; present study) and Apteryx australis (Shaw, 1813) (Parker 1891), the RPB extends only to the point of the V-shaped base of the paraglossum, whereas in D. novaehollandiae (Crole and Soley 2009a), it runs almost the full length of the paraglossum and in S. camelus the full length of the tongue (Tivane 2008). In R. americana, the tongue body is supported by the paraglossum and the distal half of the RPB, and the tongue root by the proximal half of the RPB, the body of the basihyal and the proximal ceratobranchials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…There have been numerous reports during the past 180 years on the anatomy of the ratite oropharynx and the structures housed therein (see Crole and Soley 2009a). A renewed interest has recently been shown in the morphology of the upper digestive tract of commercially important ratite species, particularly Struthio camelus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Tivane et al 2006;Porchescu 2007;Jackowiak and Ludwig 2008;Tadjalli et al 2008, Tivane 2008Guimarães et al 2009) and Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) (Crole and Soley 2009a, b, 2010a, b, 2011, as well as in the feeding mechanism employed by this group of birds (Bonga Tomlinson 2000;Gussekloo and Bout 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The morphology of the ratite tongue has enjoyed particular attention, and a substantial number of papers have addressed this topic (see Crole and Soley 2009a). These studies vary from gross morphological descriptions of the tongue of Rhea pennata (Orbigny, 1834) (Cho et al 1984), Casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gadow 1879;Pycraft 1900), S. camelus and D. novaehollandiae (Faraggiana 1933;Cho et al 1984;Bonga Tomlinson 2000) to macroscopic and microscopic studies of the tongue of S. camelus (Porchescu 2007;Jackowiak and Ludwig 2008;Tivane 2008;Guimarães et al 2009) and detailed studies (including light and scanning electron microscopy) of the tongue of D. novaehollandiae Soley 2009a, b, 2010b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gross anatomical features of the tongue, lingual skeleton and laryngeal mound of Rhea americana (Palaeognathae, Aves): morpho-functional considerations

Crole

Soley

2012

Zoomorphology

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The final publication is available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/6j37487920884049/ Abstract The tongue body of Rhea americana is triangular and partially pigmented with each caudo-lateral margin displaying a round, sub-divided lingual papilla. The tongue root is a smooth, non-pigmented tract of mucosa. The tongue body is supported by the paraglossum and distal half of the rostral projection of the basihyal (RPB), and the tongue root by the proximal half of the RPB, body of the basihyal and proximal ceratobranchials. An urohyal is absent; however, peculiar to R. americana, the caudal margin of the cricoid body displays a median projection, which may represent the remnant of the urohyal incorporated into the cricoid. The laryngeal mound is less elevated, the arytenoid cartilages are smaller than in other ratites, and the caudal margin displays pharyngeal papillae that vary in shape and number. The unique morphology of the lingual skeleton and its positioning within the tongue of R. americana, the rostral insertion of the M. ceratoglossus, the absence of the urohyal (enhanced ventroflexion) and the caudal positioning and mobile attachment of the ensheathed basihyal to the paraglossum would appear to allow independent movement of the tongue body relative to the hyobranchial apparatus. Additionally, the deeply indented base and rostral oval opening in the paraglossum limits the length of cartilage present in the midline of the tongue body. This may allow the tongue the necessary flexibility for the lingual papillae to clean the choana. The cleaning action of the tongue would occur simultaneously Communicated by T. Bartolomaeus.M. Crole ( ) • J. Soley Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa e-mail: martina.crole@up.ac.za with the previously described role of this organ and associated structures during feeding. Thus, the so-called reduced, ancestral tongue of R. americana may be structurally and functionally more complex than previously believed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gross anatomical features of the tongue, lingual skeleton and laryngeal mound of Rhea americana (Palaeognathae, Aves): morpho-functional considerations

Crole

Soley

2012

Zoomorphology

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“…Macroscopically, the tongue consists of a pigment ed, triangular, dorsoventrally flattened body, bearing lateral and caudal lingual papillae as well as a vari ably pigmented, triangular root with its caudal ex tremity projecting into the laryngeal entrance (glot tis) (Crole & Soley 2009). …”

Section: Tongue Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the numerous gross morphological descriptions of the ratite tongue (Meckel 1829;Cuvier 1836;MacAlister 1864;Gadow 1879;Owen 1879;Pycraft 1900;Göppert 1903;Duerden 1912;Faraggiana 1933;Roach 1952;Feder 1972;Mc Cann 1973;Cho, Brown & Anderson 1984;Fowler 1991;Bonga Tomlinson 2000;Gussekloo & Bout 2005;Porchescu 2007;Crole & Soley 2008, 2009Jackowiak & Ludwig 2008;Tivane 2008), very little information is currently available on the histology of this organ in ratites. The only studies documenting the histology of ratite tongues are those of Feder (1972) for the greater rhea (Rhea americana), Por chescu (2007), Jackowiak & Ludwig (2008) and Tivane (2008) for the ostrich (Struthio camelus), whereas Crole & Soley (2008) briefly outlined the salient features of the emu (Dromaius novaehollan diae) tongue observed by light microscopy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology of the tongue of the emu (<i>Dromaius novaehollandiae</i>). II. Histological features

Crole¹,

Soley²

2009

Onderstepoort J Vet Res

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Although a number of brief, fragmented descriptions have been provided on the gross morphology of the ratite tongue, very few studies have documented the histological structure of this organ. This paper presents the first definitive histological description of the emu tongue and reviews, consolidates and compares the scattered information on the histology of the ratite tongue available in the literature. Five tongues were removed from heads obtained from birds at slaughter and fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin. Appropriate longitudinal and transverse segments were removed, routinely processed for light microscopy, and sections examined after staining with H & E and PAS. The entire tongue (body and root) is invested by a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The supporting connective tissue of the tongue dorsum displays only large, simple branched tubular mucussecreting glands, whereas the caudal tongue body ventrum and tongue root, in addition to these glands, also exhibits small, simple tubular mucus-secreting glands. Herbst corpuscles are associated with the large, simple branched glands. Lymphoid tissue is restricted to the tongue ventrum and is particularly obvious at the junction of the ventral tongue body and frenulum where a large aggregation of diffuse lymphoid tissue, with nodular tissue proximally, was consistently observed. A structure resembling a taste bud was located in the epithelium on the caudal extremity of the tongue root of one bird. This is the first reported observation of taste buds in ratites. Forming the core of the tongue body is the cartilaginous paraglossum lying dorsal to the partially ossified rostral projection of the basihyale. The histological features of the emu tongue are generally similar to those described for the greater rhea and ostrich, except that taste buds were not identified in these species. The results would suggest that the emu tongue functions as a sensory organ, both for taste and touch (by virtue of taste receptors and Herbst corpuscles, respectively), as well as fulfilling an immunological function.

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Gross anatomical and scanning electron microscopic studies of the oropharyngeal cavity in the European magpie (Pica pica) and the common raven (Corvus corax)

Erdoğan

Alan

2011

Microscopy Res & Technique

112

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There is no descriptive information about morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity including tongue, palate, and laryngeal region in Corvidae family. This study not only presents the first definitive anatomical description of the structures in the oropharyngeal cavity of magpie and raven but also reviews and compares the scattered information on the morphology of the other avian species available in the literature. In this study, the organs of four birds (two magpies and two ravens) were used. The tongue in magpie and raven was considerably elongated and terminated with an oval-shaped apex. Although the lingual apex in the magpie was divided by fissure, no such bifurcation existed on that of raven. Lingual apex was quite distinctive in both species, and multiple acicular processes covered the apex. These occurrences on the tongue of magpie were replaced by thread-like processes as approaching the lingual body. In raven, these processes were mostly foliated, becoming longer toward the back of the lingua, and denser compared with raven. Moreover, we observed conical papillary crest, which was pointed backward and located between the lingual body and the radix of the tongue and pharyngeal conical papillae around the glottis and palate clefts in both species. There was a transversal fold separating the choanal cleft from the infundibular cleft in raven. Anatomy of the oropharyngeal cavity in the raven and magpie, which are the member of the same family, Corvidae, showed little differences and overall their oral morphological features were excessively similar.

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Morphology of the tongue of the emu (<i>Dromaius novaehollandiae</i>). I. Gross anatomical features and topography

Cited by 17 publications

References 31 publications

Gross anatomical features of the tongue, lingual skeleton and laryngeal mound of Rhea americana (Palaeognathae, Aves): morpho-functional considerations

Gross anatomical features of the tongue, lingual skeleton and laryngeal mound of Rhea americana (Palaeognathae, Aves): morpho-functional considerations

Morphology of the tongue of the emu (<i>Dromaius novaehollandiae</i>). II. Histological features

Gross anatomical and scanning electron microscopic studies of the oropharyngeal cavity in the European magpie (Pica pica) and the common raven (Corvus corax)

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