Morphology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs

Abstract

A definite position of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus of pigs in the viral classification has not yet been established. The present author studied, with WITT~ and EASTERDAY (15), the morphology and development of TGE virus by electron-microscopic techniques of negative staining and thin sectioning. They suggested that TGE virus was similar, in size, shape, and possible mode of replication to the myxoviruses and some oncogenic viruses. However, neither surface projections nor internal helical structure characteristic of the myxovirus could be recognized in their preparations. Recently, OI~A~IWA et al. (11) demonstrated the presence of surface projections on TGE virus, and mentioned that most particles in samples partially purified by the sucrose density gradient centrifugation method have lost their projections. They pointed out the similarity between TGE virus and the myxovirus because of the same size range of both viruses, and the presence of surface projections and of an envelope. The results described here suggest, together with other properties previously reported, that TGE virus would be placed in the group of coronaviruses. In the present study, considering the fragility of surface projections of TGE virus in the purification procedure, the negative staining method was applied directly to infected culture fluid which contained about 106.5 TCIDs0 of virus per ml. Primary cultures of pig kidney cells were infected with TGE virus, TO strain, at a multiplicity of about 10 infective units per cell. After 2 days, the culture fluid was collected and clarified by low speed centrifugation. A small amount of the supernatant was placed on a carbon-Formvar coated grid, and excess fluid was removed with filter paper. The grid was washed with 1 ~o ammonium acetate to remove residual salts. One drop of 2~o phosphotungstic acid adjusted to pH 6.2 with normal potassium hydroxide was then applied for negative staining. Most of the samples were examined immediately after harvesting the culture fluid, but some of them, frozen and stored at-20~ for about one month, were subsequently thawed and processed as described above. A JEM-6S electron microscope was used.

Evolutionary analysis of the well characterized endo16 promoter reveals substantial variation within functional sites

“…We compared sequence variation among different partitions of the endo16 locus within 10 individuals, all collected near Santa Barbara, CA, by using a standard measure of nucleotide diversity, the average number of differences between allele pairs, (17), and the heterozygosity measure, (18). Although analyses of all 20 haplotypes produced concordant results, we focused on variation within Santa Barbara urchins to exclude the possibility of geographic structure within the data.…”

Chromosome-wide linkage disequilibrium as a consequence of meiotic drive

“…In addition, one X ST sample was excluded from the v analyses because it contained an indel that spanned the entire 3Ј half of the fragment, and a polymorphic glutamine repeat region was excluded from the elav sequence alignment. Polymorphism was measured at silent sites, including pairwise nucleotide diversity, (42), and nucleotide site variability based on the number of segregating sites, W (43). The frequency spectrum of polymorphisms was tested for departure from neutrality by using Tajima's D (44) using silent sites only.…”

An Andean origin of Phytophthora infestans inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies

“…4). Neutrality and population subdivision tests, migration analysis and genealogical analyses were done (52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)(60). Complete details of each statistical analysis are provided in SI Text.…”