Morphometric analysis and key dimensions of the female breast: a baseline study of 500 nulliparous Nigerian females

Isiwele, Egiehiokhin; Nnabuko, Richard E. E.; Ogbonnaya, Iheuko S

doi:10.4103/njps.njps_7_20

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 15 publications

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“…It is an accessory organ of the female reproductive system that provides nutrition to the new-born in the form of milk [1].It is an organ of attraction and a representation of femininity. In addition, it is a very dynamic organ of the human body that constantly changes in size and location throughout the course of a person's lifetime [2]. The female mammary glands are significant and attractive features, whose shape and size are subject to numerous factors [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Study of the Breast in Nulliparous Nigerian Females at the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Edibamode

Bob-Manuel

Hart

2023

AJOB

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Background: The breast, also known as the mammary gland, is an essential aesthetic feature in a woman. Anthropometric breast measurements are vital for research and in reconstructive surgery as a quantitative tool for preoperative and postoperative evaluation. Aim: This study aimed to measure morphometric parameters of the breast of nulliparous Nigerian females to establish reference baseline data for the region. Methodology: In this prospective descriptive and analytical study, 66 female students from the University of Port-Harcourt in Rivers State, Nigeria, ranging in age from 16 to 30, were used. Various morphometric parameters were observed and measured using measuring tape, a metre rule, and skin markers in a standing position. Descriptive and inferential analysis of data was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: Most of the mean values of the measured anthropometric parameters of the left breast were higher than the right but displayed no significant difference except the nipple and mammary projections, which showed a significant difference between the right and left breasts. This study on the morphometry of the female breast revealed the slender and severe ptosis shapes as the most prevalent breast shapes, while the least prevalent were the bell and pseudoptosis breast shapes. The mammary size volume showed the left breast to be significantly bigger than the right, while of all the breast parameters analysed, the nipple projection (left) and mammary projection (right) displayed significant differences in this study, with all the right and left measured breast parameters indicating a positive correlation. Conclusion: The values from this study can be used as a guide by plastic surgeons providing services to females of African descent requiring aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgeries, as well as in physical anthropological studies and racial identification.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric Study of the Breast in Nulliparous Nigerian Females at the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Edibamode

Bob-Manuel

Hart

2023

AJOB

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Morphometric Study of Post Menarcheal Nulliparous Breasts, Their Clinical Relevance and Relationship with Body Size Indicators in a Nigerian Population

Anyanwu

Atuadu

Esom

et al. 2022

Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice

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Background: The female breast is a symbol of femininity and aesthetics having a great psychosocial impact on the woman's sense of wellbeing and self-esteem. To optimize satisfaction of patients in cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgeries, there is a need to define the dominant breast size and shape that connotes feminine attractiveness. This necessitates the knowledge of ideal data for normal nulliparous female breast parameters and volume for various body sizes in the particular population, nationality, and race. Aim: To establish reference data for normal breast parameters and volumes for the various body sizes amongst the Nigerian population and to determine their relationships with other body parameters. Patients and Methods: A total of 528 breasts from 264 Nigerian undergraduate post-menarcheal nulliparous students of the University of Nigeria Enugu Campus aged between 17 and 29 years were measured. Thirty-one (31) anthropomorphic parameters and five body size anthropometric indicators were measured. Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21(IBM) and were summarized using various descriptive statistics tools. Results: The mean nipple-nipple distance is 23.37 ± 3.10. The mean left Midclavicle-nipple Length (22.17 ± 3.5 cm) is significantly (P = 0.04) higher than the right (21.79 ± 3.3 cm) just as the mean left (12.60 ± 2.5) medial radius is significantly (P = 0.0001) longer than the right (12.45 ± 2.4 cm). The mean left nipple projection (0.37 ±0.2 cm) and left vertical surface dimension (32.27 ± 5.7 cm) are significantly (P > 0.05) longer than the right (0.33 ±0.2) and (31.76 ± 5.2 cm). Also the mean volume for the left breast (605.26 ± 280.52 cm) is significantly (0.0001) higher than that of the right breast (592.53 ± 278.69). Breast volume correlated well with most of the breast parameters, BMI, and other anthropometric variables. Most breasts were ptotic (51%, 55%), especially the left breasts. Breast dimensions were asymmetrical in >50% of subjects, where the left breasts were seen to have slightly greater breast dimensions than right. Conclusion: Breast values and related body size parameters were noted to be comparatively higher than earlier reported values mostly for the Asian population.

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Morphometric analysis and key dimensions of the female breast: a baseline study of 500 nulliparous Nigerian females

Cited by 2 publications

References 15 publications

Morphometric Study of the Breast in Nulliparous Nigerian Females at the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Morphometric Study of the Breast in Nulliparous Nigerian Females at the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

Morphometric Study of Post Menarcheal Nulliparous Breasts, Their Clinical Relevance and Relationship with Body Size Indicators in a Nigerian Population

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