Morphometry of Human Neck Muscles

Kamibayashi, L.; Richmond, F.J.R.

doi:10.1097/00007632-199806150-00005

Cited by 212 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The findings show that the SCM has four parts, consistent with previous literature [14,27], but not typically described in modern anatomical texts. Biomechanical modeling revealed clear differences in the forces exerted across the motion segments.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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The fascicular anatomy and peak force capabilities of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

2016

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PurposeThe fascicular morphology of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) is not well described in modern anatomical texts, and the biomechanical forces it exerts on individual cervical motion segments are not known. The purpose of this study is to investigate the fascicular anatomy and biomechanics of the SCM combining traditional and modern methods. MethodsThis study is comprised of three parts: Dissection, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biomechanical modelling. Dissection was performed on six embalmed cadavers: three males age 73-74 years; and three females age 63-93 years. The fascicular arrangement and morphologic data were recorded. MRIs were performed on six young, healthy volunteers: three males age 24-37; and three females age 26-28). In vivo volumes of the SCM were calculated using the Cavalieri method.Modelling of the SCM was performed on five sets of computed tomography (CT) scans. This mapped the fascicular arrangement of the SCM with relation to the cervical motion segments, and used volume data from the MRIs to calculate realistic peak force capabilities. ResultsDissection showed the SCM has four parts; sterno-mastoid, sterno-occipital, cleidomastoid and cleido-occipital portions. Force modelling shows that peak torque capacity of the SCM is higher at lower cervical levels, and minimal at higher levels.Peak shear forces are higher in the lower cervical spine, while compression is consistent throughout. ConclusionsThe findings provide detailed insight into the structure and function of the SCM with relation to the cervical motion segments, and will help inform models of neck muscle function and dysfunction.3

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Last [16] resolves this deficiency with a four-part description including sterno-mastoid (SM), sterno-occipital (SO), cleido-mastoid (CM) and cleido-occipital (CO) portions. These portions were previously described and clearly illustrated by Testut [27] in 1899, and reinforced more recently in the research literature [14].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The fascicular anatomy and peak force capabilities of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

2016

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“…In contrast, the SScap and the SPcap have great moment generation capacity 28 and large PCSA. 6 The greater percent thickness change of the RCPM, compared to the superficial dorsal neck muscles, may indicate that the 50% MVIC ramp contraction test used in this study required not only torque generation capacity but also fine-movement control. Richmond 23 reported a markedly increased muscle activity of the RCPM and the complexus (superficial part of the SScap), moderately increased activity of the biventer cervicis (deep part of the SScap), and little or no change in the SPcap in cats to further extend the upper cervical spine in the upright position.…”

Section: Conclusion T His Study Has Demonstratedmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…For the task of isometric upper cervical spine extension, the OCS and SPcap may be at a disadvantage for generating extension torque compared to the RCPM and SScap, respectively, because of their oblique attachment. The RCPM and OCS also have high muscle spindle density 10 and are biomechanically less efficient because of their small physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) 6 and small moment generation capacity 28 to generate neck extension torque. In contrast, the SScap and the SPcap have great moment generation capacity 28 and large PCSA.…”

Section: Conclusion T His Study Has Demonstratedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of Thickness Measurements of the Dorsal Muscles of the Upper Cervical Spine: An Ultrasonographic Study

Lin¹,

Chai²,

Wang³

2009

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Ya-Jung Lin, PT, MS1 • Huei-Ming CHai, PT, PhD2 • SHwu-Fen wang, PT, PhD3 Reliability of Thickness Measurements of the Dorsal Muscles of the Upper Cervical Spine: An Ultrasonographic Study changes during contraction to represent muscle function either using MRI or real-time ultrasonography for the cervical region. 12,13,21 Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) is less expensive and more mobile when compared to the "gold-standard" MRI. In addition, the clinical use of RUSI can provide for a rapid observation of muscle contraction. Change in muscle thickness has been shown to be associated with EMG signal amplitude 4,7,14 and level of contraction, 8,11,13,26 particularly during submaximal efforts. 4,7,13 A significant relationship between change in muscle thickness and EMG signal amplitude has been demonstrated for actions when the muscle acts as a prime mover 5 or at submaximal efforts. 4,7 Previous work suggests that the muscle architecture changes very little with efforts above 50% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), 4 because additional efforts do not further stretch the tendon and surrounding connective tissue and, therefore, contribute to minimal change in muscle length or thickness. 25 Furthermore, most functional activities are performed at relatively low levels of muscular efforts. 25 Therefore, measuring the change in muscle thickness below 50% MVIC effort using ultrasonography may best represent muscle activation.RUSI measurement of the thickness R eal-time ultrasonography has been used to investigate changes in muscle morphology during contraction. The ability to quantify changes in muscle morphology to reflect muscle contraction using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound imaging allows the study of the deep muscles and, in some cases, the visualization of the whole muscle, without the disadvantage t Study deSign: Clinical measurement, reliability.t ObjeCtiveS: To examine the intraday intrarater reliability of measuring thickness of the upper dorsal neck muscles at rest, as well as at 50% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), for upper cervical extension. t baCkgrOund: Methodology for measuring the thickness of the lower dorsal neck muscles, including semispinalis capitis and multifidus muscles, during contraction using ultrasonography has been established. Thickness measurements for the upper dorsal neck muscles have not been documented.t MetHOdS: Ten subjects (21 to 30 years of age) without neck pain and headache were recruited. Their upper dorsal neck muscles were measured both at rest and during 50% MVIC for upper cervical extension in sitting position using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI). Muscles measured included the rectus capitis posterior major, oblique capitis superior, semispinalis capitis, and splenius capitis. All measurements were repeated after 10 minutes of rest, on the same day, by the same rater. Descriptive statistics were supplemented by calculations of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC 3,1 ), standard error of measurement (...

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“…The average peak muscle loads for the SCM, SPL, and TRP are 11(1) N, 25(1) N, and 25(1) N, respectively (see Table 1). These values are lower than the ultimate failure loads, which are amplified according to differences in physiological characteristics [18,20]. These are even lower than the maximal isometric forces estimated by the biomechanical model, 170N for the SCM, 68N for the SPL, and 81N for the TRP [19].…”

Section: Z Gao Et Al / Study Of Cervical Muscle Response and Injurymentioning

confidence: 81%

Study of cervical muscle response and injury of driver during a frontal vehicle collision

Gao

et al. 2015

BME

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Abstract. Frontal vehicle collisions can cause injury to a driver's cervical muscles resulting from intense changes in muscle strain and muscle load. This study investigated the influence of collision forces in a sled test environment using a modified Hybrid III 50 th percentile dummy equipped with simulated spring-type muscles. Cervical muscle responses including strain and load of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), splenius capitis (SPL), and trapezius (TRP) were analyzed, and muscle injury was assessed. The SCM, SPL, and TRP suffered average peak muscle strains of 21%, 40%, and 23%, respectively, exceeding the injury threshold. The average peak muscle loads of the SCM, SPL and TRP were 11 N, 25 N, and 25 N, respectively, lower than the ultimate failure load. The SPL endured the largest injury, while the injuries to the SCM and TRP were relatively small. This is a preliminary study to assess the cervical muscle of driver during a frontal vehicle collision. This study provides a foundation for investigating the muscle response and injury in sled test environments, which can lead to the improvement of occupant protections.

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Morphometry of Human Neck Muscles

Cited by 212 publications

References 13 publications

The fascicular anatomy and peak force capabilities of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

The fascicular anatomy and peak force capabilities of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Reliability of Thickness Measurements of the Dorsal Muscles of the Upper Cervical Spine: An Ultrasonographic Study

Study of cervical muscle response and injury of driver during a frontal vehicle collision

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