Morphometry of the mandibular foramen applied to the local anesthetic block to inferior alveolar nerve in boars (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

Abstract

Boars kept on commercial farms use their canine teeth as a mechanism of defense and attack in order to express their natural instincts, which could result in fractures of the teeth and jaws. Thus, utilizing local desensitization of the inferior alveolar nerve is crucial for executing therapeutic procedures in the oral cavities of those animals. Then, the goal is to carry out the morphometry of the mandibular foramen of that species, correlating it with the mandibular structures, while doing so in the safest manner for the animals. For that purpose, six hemimandibles of young-aged Sus scrofa scrofa were used, from which the proposed measurements were taken. On average, the lateral margin of the condylar process stood 142.43 mm away from the root of the lower medial incisive tooth. The longitudinal axis of the body of the mandible measured 22.3 mm at the level of the diastema that exists between the fourth lower premolar tooth and the first lower molar tooth. The mandibular foramen, from the caudal limit of the ventral margin, would be positioned at26.6 mm from the ventral margin of the angle of the mandible in that level, 34.92 mm away from the medial margin of the condylar process, and 38.63 mm away from the dorsal limit from the caudal margin of the coronoid process. The lack of statistically significant differences, and observing that the osseous accident under scrutiny had been positioned in the ramus of the mandible, indicated that the proposed procedure should be performed from the introduction of the needle in an oblique and rostrodorsal direction for 2.0 cm, and angulated at 60º with the anatomic reference created by the medial demarcation obtained via the support of the thumb on the lateral margin of the ramus of the mandible, ventrally to the zygomatic arch, all while preserving neighboring structures and establishing an unheard-of anesthetic methodology for boars.

Mandibular morphometry applied to local anaesthetic blockage in the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

“…This anatomic reference has also been used and recommended by other studies, such as in hoary fox (Magalhães et al, 2019) and boars (Paulo et al, 2020). The findings of this study suggest that another anatomic landmark can also be used in capybaras, which is the distance between the mandibular foramen to the horizontal plate at the level of the caudal border of the mandible, and it was 38.6 and 46.9 mm in young and adult capybaras, respectively.…”

“…This is the most important difference regarding the location of the mandibular foramen in capybaras. This location of the mandibular foramen is specific to the capybara, because there are studies that show that the mandibular foramen is located caudally to the molar teeth and ventrally to the coronoid process, such as in the domestic cats (Barroso et al, 2009), crab-eating fox (Souza Junior et al, 2013), maned wolf (Souza Junior et al, 2016), hoary fox (Magalhães et al, 2019), human (Narayan & Ghosh, 2020), boars (Paulo et al, 2020), Saanen goat (Wang et al, 2021) and barking deer and sambar deer (Keneisenuo et al, 2021). This is probably due to the characteristic shape of the mandible and the entire skull of capybaras.…”

“…In the capybaras of this study, this reference point coincides with the distance from the mandibular foramen to the ventral border of the mandible, and it can also be used when performing inferior alveolar nerve block in capybaras. This anatomic reference has also been used and recommended by other studies, such as in hoary fox (Magalhães et al, 2019) and boars (Paulo et al, 2020). The findings of this study suggest that another anatomic landmark can also be used in capybaras, which is the distance between the mandibular foramen to the horizontal plate at the level of the caudal border of the mandible, and it was 38.6 and 46.9 mm in young and adult capybaras, respectively.…”

“…The mandibular morphometry has been studied in domestic animals such as Saanen goat (Wang et al, 2021), and in wild animals such as crab‐eating fox (Souza Junior et al, 2013), maned wolf (Souza Junior et al, 2016), hoary fox (Magalhães et al, 2019), boars (Paulo et al, 2020) and barking deer and sambar deer (Keneisenuo et al, 2021). The morphometric study of the mandible is important because through it one can know the shape and topography of reference sites used in anaesthetic blocking techniques (Souza Junior et al, 2013).…”

Macroscopic, morphometric, and tomographic features of the mandible of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) applied to clinical morpho‐physiology and imaging

“…Afterward, the mandibular morphometry was performed by a single examiner and in duplicate using the Starrett® digital electronic caliper (capacity 0–150 mm; resolution 0.01 mm; and accuracy ± 0.02 mm). As recent information specific to this context is scarce regarding artiodactyl animals in general (Corte et al, 2019; Özkan et al, 2020; Paulo et al, 2020; Sundaram et al, 2019), much of the measurements adopted here were also based on and adapted from studies with specimens from the order Carnivora (Barroso et al, 2009; Igado, 2014; Magalhães, Ferreira Júnior, et al, 2019; Magalhães, Romão, et al, 2019; Maximiano Neto et al, 2020; Souza Junior et al, 2013, 2016).…”