Mortality and Cholinesterase Inhibition in Butterflies Following Aerial Naled Applications for Mosquito Control on the National Key Deer Refuge

Permethrin Contamination of Sawgrass Marshes and Potential Risk for the Imperiled Klot's Skipper Butterfly (Euphyes pilatka klotsi)

“…The risk predictions we present only considered effects on larval survival. Sublethal effects such as reduced larval growth (Bargar et al, 2020; Oberhauser et al, 2006) as well as increased pupation period and decreased adult size (Kobiela & Snell‐Rood, 2020; Oberhauser et al, 2009) have been demonstrated for butterflies after larval exposure. Pertinent to the present study, larvae exposure to permethrin‐contaminated milkweed plants resulted in increased developmental times (Oberhauser et al, 2006).…”

“…All permethrin concentrations on sawgrass are in ng/g wet weight. Raw data for the measured permethrin concentrations and sampling locations are publicly accessible (Bargar, 2022). Permethrin concentrations measured on sawgrass samples collected in January and June were compared by the nonparametric Wilcoxon signed‐ranks test (performed in Systat Ver.…”

“…Those studies estimated risk by monitoring response of confined (i.e., in cages) insects exposed to pesticides in ULV sprays in the field (Bargar et al, 2020;Oberhauser et al, 2009;Pokhrel et al, 2018;Schleier & Peterson, 2010;Zhong et al, 2010), measured residues in the field after ULV sprays and compared those residue levels with available toxicity data for insects (Bargar, 2012;Hoang & Rand, 2015), measured response of the insects that were exposed to foliage contaminated by pesticides from a ULV spray (Giordano et al, 2020;Oberhauser et al, 2006Oberhauser et al, , 2009, or compared estimated exposure with available toxicity data (Schleier & Peterson, 2010). Two of those studies reported little to no effect (Pokhrel et al, 2018;Schleier & Peterson, 2010), whereas the others either measured (Bargar et al, 2020;Boyce et al, 2007;Giordano et al, 2020;Oberhauser et al, 2006Oberhauser et al, , 2009Zhong et al, 2010) or predicted (Bargar, 2012;Hoang & Rand, 2015;Schleier & Peterson, 2010) adverse effects. Of the studies that reported effects, seven were focused on risk for butterflies following a ULV spray (Bargar, 2012;Bargar et al, 2020;Giordano et al, 2020;Hoang & Rand, 2015;Oberhauser et al, 2006Oberhauser et al, , 2009Zhong et al, 2010).…”

“…Two of those studies reported little to no effect (Pokhrel et al, 2018;Schleier & Peterson, 2010), whereas the others either measured (Bargar et al, 2020;Boyce et al, 2007;Giordano et al, 2020;Oberhauser et al, 2006Oberhauser et al, , 2009Zhong et al, 2010) or predicted (Bargar, 2012;Hoang & Rand, 2015;Schleier & Peterson, 2010) adverse effects. Of the studies that reported effects, seven were focused on risk for butterflies following a ULV spray (Bargar, 2012;Bargar et al, 2020;Giordano et al, 2020;Hoang & Rand, 2015;Oberhauser et al, 2006Oberhauser et al, , 2009Zhong et al, 2010).…”