Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey

Abstract

BackgroundIn August 2014, the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) attacked the Yazidi religious minority living in the area of Mount Sinjar in Nineveh governorate, Iraq. We conducted a retrospective household survey to estimate the number and demographic profile of Yazidis killed and kidnapped.Methods and findingsThe survey covered the displaced Yazidi population from Sinjar residing in camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Fieldwork took place between 4 November and 25 December, 2015. A systematic random sample of 1,300 in-camp households were interviewed about the current household composition and any killings and kidnappings of household members by ISIS. Of the 1,300 interviewed households, 988 were Yazidi from Sinjar. Yazidi households contained 6,572 living residents at the time of the survey; 43 killings and 83 kidnappings of household members were reported. We calculated the probability of being killed and kidnapped by dividing the number of reported killings and kidnappings by the number of sampled Yazidis at risk, adjusting for sampling design. To obtain the overall toll of killings and kidnappings, those probabilities were multiplied by the total Yazidi population living in Sinjar at the time of the ISIS attack, estimated at roughly 400,000 by the United Nations and Kurdish officials. The demographic profile of those killed and kidnapped was examined, distinguishing between children and adults and females and males. We estimated that 2.5% of the Yazidi population was either killed or kidnapped over the course of a few days in August 2014, amounting to 9,900 (95% CI 7,000–13,900) people in total. An estimated 3,100 (95% CI 2,100–4,400) Yazidis were killed, with nearly half of them executed—either shot, beheaded, or burned alive—while the rest died on Mount Sinjar from starvation, dehydration, or injuries during the ISIS siege. The estimated number kidnapped is 6,800 (95% CI 4,200–10,800). Escapees recounted the abuses they had suffered, including forced religious conversion, torture, and sex slavery. Over one-third of those reported kidnapped were still missing at the time of the survey. All Yazidis were targeted regardless of age and sex, but children were disproportionately affected. They were as likely as adults to be executed but constituted 93.0% (95% CI 71.9–98.6) of those who died on Mount Sinjar. Moreover, children only accounted for 18.8% (95% CI 8.4–36.9) of those who managed to escape captivity. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the actual toll of killings and kidnappings may be underestimated in our data because of survival bias. The uncertainty associated with inference from a small sample of in-camp households and the reliance on a rough figure of 400,000 for extrapolation to the total Yazidi population of Sinjar at the time of the ISIS attack are the main limitations of this study.ConclusionsConsistent with other existing evidence, our data provide a clear indication of the severity of the ISIS attack against the Yazidis in terms of both the number and demographic profile ...

The Yazidi—Religion, Culture and Trauma

“…The countries turned up because they wanted to buy the women and take them away with them (Cetorelli et al, 2017).…”

“…Their number worldwide is estimated to be in the region of 800,000 to 1,000,000 (Cetorelli et al, 2017). The troops of the self-proclaimed "Islamic State" conquered 2014 the areas of northern Iraq and turned on the long-established religious minorities in the area with tremendous brutality, especially towards the Yazidi.…”

Practitioner Review: Mental health problems of refugee children and adolescents and their management

“…Some refugees have experienced prolonged adversities and high violence exposure, such as young people detained in concentration camps by Pol Pot in Cambodia during the 1970s (Kinzie, Sack, Angell, Clarke, & Ben, ; Sack, ; UNHCR, ). Others have experienced high violence and witnessing of killings, but over a shorter time period, as happened in parts of Syria (Cetorelli, Sasson, Shabila, & Burnham, ; Mokdad, ). The nature of the violence may vary, with sexual assault prevalent in some conflicts (Skjelsbaek, ), as was documented in the Bosnian war (1992–5) and in the North of Iraq by Yazidis (Cetorelli et al., ; Hillebrecht, Helmes, & Bengel, ).…”

“…Others have experienced high violence and witnessing of killings, but over a shorter time period, as happened in parts of Syria (Cetorelli, Sasson, Shabila, & Burnham, ; Mokdad, ). The nature of the violence may vary, with sexual assault prevalent in some conflicts (Skjelsbaek, ), as was documented in the Bosnian war (1992–5) and in the North of Iraq by Yazidis (Cetorelli et al., ; Hillebrecht, Helmes, & Bengel, ). In other wars, children may be forced to become combatants (Betancourt, Brennan, Rubin‐Smith, Fitzmaurice, & Gilman, ; Delruyn, Vandenhole, Parmentier, & Mels, ).…”

Challenges and opportunities in refugee mental health: clinical, service, and research considerations

“…First, they show that children and adolescents, as well as parents and other family members who are displaced and become refugees, have a high level of exposure to war events and privation even prior to migration [2][3][4]. Recent wars reveal the appalling level of war exposure, including witnessing deaths of family, experience of combat and injury, and abuse including sexual violence of the refugees relevant for those arriving in Europe in 2015-2016 [5][6][7]. These adverse experiences may continue during what are often hazardous journeys in pursuit of safety.…”