Mortality Attributable to 9 Common Infections: Significant Effect of Influenza A, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Influenza B, Norovirus, and Parainfluenza in Elderly Persons

Asten, Liselotte van; Wijngaard, Cees van den; Pelt, Wilfrid van; Kassteele, Jan van de; Meijer, Adam; Hoek, Wim van der; Kretzschmar, Mirjam

doi:10.1093/infdis/jis415

Cited by 165 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Advanced age is a risk factor for a fatal outcome. Thus, in the Netherlands, norovirus outbreaks were significantly associated with excess mortality in individuals Ͼ85 years of age, coinciding with the emergence of new viral variants (44). Norovirus accounted for 0.5% of total deaths from 1999 to 2007 in individuals in this age group.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus

2015

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SUMMARY Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae , is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norovirus

2015

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“…The elderly also exhibit increased susceptibility to RSV reinfection. In addition, RSV-induced disease is often more severe in the elderly and is associated with significantly greater morbidity [5-6, [87][88][89][90][91][92][93]. Human RSV-specific CD8 T cells are relatively low and detectable only after in vitro expansion in the blood of elderly individuals [47,48].…”

Section: • Relationship Of Age Disease Severity and Cd8 T-cell Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD8 T-Cell Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Knudson

Varga

2015

Future Virol.

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization among infants. Despite the significant healthcare burden, there is no licensed RSV vaccine currently available. This problem is further exacerbated as a natural RSV infection fails to elicit the development of long-lived immunity. It is well established that RSV-specific antibodies play a critical role in mediating protection from severe disease. The CD8 T-cell response is critical for mediating virus clearance following an acute RSV infection. However, the relative contribution of memory CD8 T cells in providing protection against secondary RSV infections remains unclear. In addition, data from animal models indicate that memory CD8 T-cell responses can be pathogenic under certain conditions. Herein, we provide an overview of the CD8 T-cell response elicited by RSV infection and how our current knowledge may impact future studies and vaccine development.

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“…En ancianos, la infección respiratoria por virus IA y VRS se asocia a mayor riesgo de muerte en cualquier grupo de edad mayor de 65 años 18 y se ha estimado que 5% de los enfermos con VRS y 6% de los casos con influenza requerirán un mayor nivel de cuidados durante la hospitalización 7 . Nuestra casuística es pequeña pero 9% (4/44), correspondiente a 3 casos con IA y 1 caso con VRS, cumplían con los criterios de la ATS para ingresar a la UCI y los pacientes fallecidos de 79 y 83 años, asociados a VRS e IA respectivamente, son un buen reflejo de esta población de mayor riesgo.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified