Mortality Attributable to Smoking Among HIV-1–Infected Individuals: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study

Helleberg, Marie; Afzal, Shoaib; Kronborg, Gitte; Larsen, Carsten Schade; Pedersen, Gert Frølund; Pedersen, Court; Gerstoft, Jan; Nordestgaard, Børge G.; Obel, Niels

doi:10.1093/cid/cis933

Cited by 397 publications

(322 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…While opportunistic respiratory infections associated with advanced immunosuppression dominated the initial clinical picture in the setting of HIV infection, latterly, with the use of HAART, there has been a rise in deaths related to non-AIDS-defining illnesses, largely driven by the high rate of smoking among these individuals [15,18]. In fact, in those areas where HIV care is well organised and HAART is freely available, HIV-infected smokers lose more life-years to smoking than to HIV infection per se, the risk being considerable and often attributable to non-AIDS-defining conditions [12,15,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of HIV infection and smoking on lung immunity and related disorders

2015

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HIV-infected persons not only have higher rates of smoking than the general population, but are also unusually vulnerable to the associated adverse health effects, both infective and noninfective in origin. Indeed, in the setting of well-organised care and availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected smokers lose more life-years to smoking than to HIV infection per se, presenting a major challenge to healthcare providers. Not surprisingly, the respiratory system is particularly susceptible to the damaging interactive chronic inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of HIV and smoking, intensifying the risk of the development of opportunistic infections, as well as lung cancer and obstructive lung disorders. The impact of smoking on the immunopathogenesis and frequencies of these respiratory conditions in the setting of HIV infection, as well as on the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy, represent the primary focus of this review. @ERSpublications Smoking exacerbates the immunosuppressive/pro-inflammatory effects of HIV, increasing the risk of pulmonary disease

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of HIV infection and smoking on lung immunity and related disorders

2015

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“…Excess mortality due to smoking has also been shown among patients with other diseases, such as HIV. A study in Denmark indicated that mortality due to smoking is greater than mortality attributable to HIV among people with HIV/AIDS, showing that the number of life years lost due HIV was 5.1, compared to 12.3 because of smoking 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette smoking among psychiatric patients in Brazil

et al. 2014

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“…24 Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the population-attributable risk of death associated with smoking is higher (61.5%) among HIV-positive patients compared to controls (34.2%), postulating that in this particular category or patients, more life-years are lost to smoking than to HIV. 25 Despite an implementation of policies for reducing tobacco use, smoking continues to be a major issue in Romania. Having signed the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2004, with subsequent ratification in 2006, Romania has since made it on the list of highest achieving countries for monitoring the prevalence of tobacco use, tobacco dependence treatment and raising taxes on tobacco.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%