Mortality in relation to employment status during different levels of unemployment

Åhs, Annika; Westerling, Ragnar

doi:10.1080/14034940510032374

Cited by 56 publications

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“…These results were in line with previous research. 2,4 However, work-related factors-physical and psychological demands and demands for learning at work-were not related to mortality in contrast to certain work strain models 9 and some earlier studies focusing on cardiovascular mortality among industrial employees. 17 These different findings may be due to the fact that we were not able to focus on cardiovascular mortality, which especially has been shown to be linked to stress and strain at work, because of the low number of cases in each of the diagnosis category per comparison group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…[1][2][3][4] However, no agreement exists as to whether the health and well-being of the employed population are unevenly distributed between permanent and temporary employees. Temporary employment can be defined as paid employment relations other than those with unlimited duration, including fixed-term contracts as well as work done on call and through temporary-help agencies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This information consisted of background and health-related factors, which have been shown to influence mortality risk in several studies. 2,4 . In addition, we took into account some work-related demands, which have been shown to play a role in cardiovascular mortality.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Type of employment relationship and mortality: prospective study among Finnish employees in 1984-2000

Nätti

Kinnunen

Mäkikangas

et al. 2009

The European Journal of Public Health

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Background: The study investigated the relationship between the type of employment (permanent/ temporary) contract and mortality. Factors through which temporary employment was expected to be associated with increased mortality were the degree of satisfaction with the uncertainty related to temporary work situation (Study 1) and the voluntary/involuntary basis for temporary work (Study 2). Methods: In Study 1 the data consisted of representative survey on Finnish employees in 1984 (n = 4502), which was merged with register-based follow-up data in Statistics Finland covering years [1985][1986][1987][1988][1989][1990][1991][1992][1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000]. In Study 2 the data consisted of representative survey on Finnish employees in 1990 (n = 3502) with register-based follow-up data covering years 1991-2000. The relative risk of death was examined by conducting Cox proportional hazards analyses for the permanent and the two temporary employment groups, respectively. Results: In Study 1 temporary employees feeling the insecure situation unsatisfactory had a 1.95-fold higher risk of mortality than permanent employees (95% CI 1.13-3.35) after adjusted for background, health-and work-related factors. In Study 2 employees in the position of having a temporary job on the involuntarily basis had a 2.59-fold higher risk of mortality than permanent employees (95% CI 1. 16-5.80). Conclusions: The present study confirmed that temporary employees are not a homogeneous group, which holds true even for mortality. Those temporary employees, who either felt the insecure situation unsatisfactory or who worked in temporary work involuntarily, had higher risk of mortality than permanent employees. Introduction There is a considerable amount of evidence showing that unemployment is associated with increased mortality and morbidity.1-4 However, no agreement exists as to whether the health and well-being of the employed population are unevenly distributed between permanent and temporary employees. Temporary employment can be defined as paid employment relations other than those with unlimited duration, including fixed-term contracts as well as work done on call and through temporary-help agencies. 5 In Finland, the proportion of temporary employees increased from 11% in 1984 to 15% in 1990 and 18% in 1997. Since then the proportion of temporary work has stabilized. In comparison with Europe, the proportion of temporary work in Finland (16%) is above the average (14% in 2004).There are several potential factors through which temporary employment can be a health risk. For example, job insecurity, deficient benefits, work strain and exposure to hazardous work conditions have been suggested as such pathways. [6][7][8][9] In addition, the motive for doing temporary work-specifically if it is involuntary, i.e. not based on an employee's own choice-has been related to negative health outcomes.10 A recent meta-analysis across 27 studies by Virtanen et al. 11suggests higher psychological morbidity (distress) among temp...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Type of employment relationship and mortality: prospective study among Finnish employees in 1984-2000

Nätti

Kinnunen

Mäkikangas

et al. 2009

The European Journal of Public Health

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“…Swedish studies on somatic and psychological symptoms (Novo, Hammarströ m and Janlert, 2000) and mortality risk (Å hs and Westerling, 2006) among the unemployed did not find any noticeable variation with overall unemployment level. A Greek study even found worse health effects of being unemployed when unemployment is common (Drydakis, 2015), and a Canadian study could not confirm that effects of unemployment on health vary with unemployment rates (Beland, Birch and Stoddart, 2002).…”

Section: Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is it Easier to Be Unemployed When the Experience Is More Widely Shared? Effects of Unemployment on Self-rated Health in 25 European Countries with Diverging Macroeconomic Conditions

Heggebø

Elstad

2017

European Sociological Review

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The economic crisis in Europe since 2008 has led to high unemployment levels in several countries. Previous research suggests that becoming unemployed is a health risk, but is job loss and unemployment easier to cope with when unemployment is widespread? Using EU-SILC panel data (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013), this study examines short-term effects of unemployment on self-rated health (SRH) in 25 European countries with diverging macroeconomic conditions. Ordinary least squares regressions show that the unemployed are in worse health than the employed throughout Europe. The association is reduced considerably, but remains significant in several countries when time-invariant personal characteristics are accounted for using individual-level fixed-effects models. Propensity score kernel matching shows that both being and becoming unemployed are associated with slightly worse SRH. There is a weak tendency towards less health effects of unemployment in countries where the experience is widely shared. In particular, countries with a very low unemployment rate stand out with larger health effects. The results overall suggest that a changed composition of the unemployed population is an important explanation for the weaker unemployment-health association in high-unemployment countries.

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“…I OECDstudien er resultater for enkeltland ikke oppgitt, men de nordiske landene er med i gruppen av land med høyest offentlige utgifter til sosiale formål, hvor sammenhengen er svakere enn for OECD-landene som helhet. Lignende studier er så vidt vites ikke foretatt i Norge, mens resultater fra Sverige og Finland er motstridende (62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67). Studier fra USA tyder på at konjunkturene også er positivt forbundet med forekomsten av akutte og (i noe mindre grad) kroniske helseproblemer (68), samt med helsemessige risikofaktorer som røyking, høyt alkoholforbruk, lav fysisk aktivitet, overvekt og fedme, undervekt og usunt kosthold (52,69,70).…”

Section: Konjunkturer Og Sykdom/dødelighetunclassified

Sykefravær og konjunkturer – en oversikt

Nossen¹

2010

Nor J Epidemiol

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SAMMENDRAGStatistikk over sykefravaer er ofte positivt korrelert med de makroøkonomiske konjunkturene, og dermed negativt med arbeidsledigheten. Det gjelder også for sykefravaer utover arbeidsgiverperioden. I Norge var korrelasjonen sterk i 1989-1999, men deretter har den bare vaert synlig i kortere perioder. Sammenhengen er også påvist i andre land, og korrelasjonen har vaert spesielt sterk i Sverige. Artikkelen søker å gi en oversikt over den tilgjengelige kunnskapen om sammenhengen og mulige mekanismer som kan ligge bak, med vekt på norske og delvis svenske forhold.Tre hypoteser som søker å forklare sammenhengen blir gjennomgått. Selv om det kan vaere kontekstavhengig hvilken eller hvilke av dem som stemmer best med virkeligheten, synes det generelt å vaere sterkest dokumentasjon for disiplineringshypotesen, altså at høy ledighet virker disiplinerende på arbeidstakerne uten at helsetilstanden som sådan er påvirket. Ifølge hypotesen kan økende ledighet innebaere både nedgang i antall illegitime sykefravaer og unødvendig lange sykefravaer, samt økt sykenaervaer. Disiplineringshypotesen virker også lettest å forene med at sammenhengen mellom sykefravaer og konjunkturer i Norge er svakere enn før.Sammensetningshypotesen handler om at konjunkturene påvirker sammensetningen av arbeidsstyrken slik at personer med marginal tilknytning til arbeidsmarkedet og høyt sykefravaer utgjør en større andel av arbeidsstyrken i en høykonjunktur enn i en lavkonjunktur. Hypotesen har fått begrenset empirisk støtte, men det er gjort få studier, og metodene som er brukt er usikre. En gjennomgang av mulige sammensetningsmekanismer tyder imidlertid ikke på at sammensetningseffekter kan forklare noen stor del av korrelasjonen. I samme retning trekker det at mesteparten av den "prosykliske" variasjonen i sykefravaeret utover arbeidsgiverperioden skyldes svingninger i andelen sykmeldte lønnstakere. Stresshypotesen går ut på at en konjunkturoppgang medfører økt belastning og stress og derved påvirker både helsetilstand og sykefravaer. Denne hypotesen må sees i sammenheng med forskning som viser at både dødeligheten og helsemessige risikofaktorer er positivt korrelert med konjunkturene. Men siden sammenhengen ikke ser ut til å gjelde i aldersgruppen 30-60 år, er det tvilsomt om denne hypotesen er noen viktig forklaring på svingningene i sykefravaeret.Også økt nedbemanning i konjunkturnedganger kan bidra til en sammenheng mellom sykefravaeret og konjunkturene, men med motsatt fortegn. Denne effekten gjelder saerlig varigheten av lengre fravaer, samt forbruket av mer langsiktige trygdeytelser. ENGLISH SUMMARYStatistics on sickness absence tends to be positively correlated with the economic cycle, and thereby negatively correlated with the unemployment rate. In Norway this is also the case for sickness absence exceeding 16 days. The correlation was strong in Norway in 1989-1999, but after that it has only been apparent for short periods. The same relationship has been shown in other countries, and it has been particularly strong in Sweden. T...

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Mortality in relation to employment status during different levels of unemployment

Abstract: The level of unemployment seems to have no major influence on the mortality risk. Future interventions for the non-employed groups should focus on preventing avoidable mortality, such as injury and suicide.

Cited by 56 publications

References 27 publications

Type of employment relationship and mortality: prospective study among Finnish employees in 1984-2000

Type of employment relationship and mortality: prospective study among Finnish employees in 1984-2000

Is it Easier to Be Unemployed When the Experience Is More Widely Shared? Effects of Unemployment on Self-rated Health in 25 European Countries with Diverging Macroeconomic Conditions

Sykefravær og konjunkturer – en oversikt

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