Mortality study of employees engaged in the manufacture and use of hydroquinone

Pifer, James W.; Hearne, F. Terry; Swanson, Frank A.; O’Donoghue, John L.

doi:10.1007/bf00409409

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Finally, a recent comprehensive mortality and exposure study of 879 male and female workers involved in HQ production and use over a 50-year period did not reveal statistically significant increases in deaths from a number of malignant and nonmalignant disease categories. 337 No cumulative exposure-related trends in selected causes of mortality were found. Overall death rates and cancer incidence were significantly decreased in HQ-exposed workers when compared with an employed referent population, demonstrating that the improved outcome in HQ workers was not related to the healthy worker effect.…”

Section: A Systemic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Other published articles and reviews have also explored these issues to various extents. 1,11,254,337,406 HQ appears to more or less specifically affect the kidney and hematopoietic systems in experimental animals and the skin and eye in humans (Table 1). In view of the apparent diversity of these effects, it is valuable to discuss the evidence for and against common underlying mechanisms of action for HQ.…”

Section: Conclusion: Implications For Human Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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The Toxicology of Hydroquinone — Relevance to Occupational and Environmental Exposure

DeCaprio¹

1999

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

178

128

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Hydroquinone (HQ) is a high-volume commodity chemical used as a reducing agent, antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor, and chemical intermediate. It is also used in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs as an ingredient in skin lighteners and is a natural ingredient in many plant-derived products, including vegetables, fruits, grains, coffee, tea, beer, and wine. While there are few reports of adverse health effects associated with the production and use of HQ, a great deal of research has been conducted with HQ because it is a metabolite of benzene. Physicochemical differences between HQ and benzene play a significant role in altering the pharmacokinetics of directly administered when compared with benzene-derived HQ. HQ is only weakly positive in in vivo chromosomal assays when expected human exposure routes are used. Chromosomal effects are increased significantly when parenteral or in vitro assays are used. In cancer bioassays, HQ has reproducibly produced renal adenomas in male F344 rats. The mechanism of tumorigenesis is unclear but probably involves a species-, strain-, and sex-specific interaction between renal tubule toxicity and an interaction with the chronic progressive nephropathy that is characteristic of aged male rats. Mouse liver tumors (adenomas) and mononuclear cell leukemia (female F344 rat) have also been reported following HQ exposure, but their significance is uncertain. Various tumor initiation/promotion assays with HQ have shown generally negative results. Epidemiological studies with HQ have demonstrated lower death rates and reduced cancer rates in production workers when compared with both general and employed referent populations. Parenteral administration of HQ is associated with changes in several hematopoietic and immunologic endpoints. This toxicity is more severe when combined with parenteral administration of phenol. It is likely that oxidation of HQ within the bone marrow compartment to the semiquinone or p-benzoquinone (BQ), followed by covalent macromolecular binding, is critical to these effects. Bone marrow and hematologic effects are generally not characteristic of HQ exposures in animal studies employing routes of exposure other than parenteral. Myelotoxicity is also not associated with human exposure to HQ. These differences are likely due to significant route-dependent toxicokinetic factors. Fetotoxicity (growth retardation) accompanies repeated administration of HQ at maternally toxic dose levels in animal studies. HQ exposure has not been associated with other reproductive and developmental effects using current USEPA test guidelines. The skin pigment lightening properties of HQ appear to be due to inhibition of melanocyte tyrosinase. Adverse effects associated with OTC use of HQ in FDA-regulated products have been limited to a small number of cases of exogenous ochronosis, although higher incidences of this syndrome have been reported with inappropriate use of unregulated OTC products containing higher HQ concentrations. The most serious human health effect related to HQ is p...

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Section: A Systemic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Conclusion: Implications For Human Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Toxicology of Hydroquinone — Relevance to Occupational and Environmental Exposure

DeCaprio¹

1999

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

178

128

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“…Humans given 300 or 500 mg/d of HQ for 3-5 mo (Carlson & Brewer, 1953) or exposed by inhalation to HQ in the workplace (Sterner et al, 1947) did not show signs of systemic toxicity. Also, employees working in a plant manufacturing HQ did not show an increase in mortality due to renal disease or cancer (Pifer et al, 1986(Pifer et al, , 1995.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Differences in the Nephrotoxicity of Hydroquinone Among Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley Rats and B6c3f1 Mice

Boatman¹

1996

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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The present studies indicate pronounced species-, sex-, and strain- related differences in the acute nephrotoxicity of hydroquinone (HQ) when administered by gavage to male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, Fischer 344 (F344) rats, and B6C3F1 mice. Following a single dose of 400 mg/kg, male and female F344 rats displayed pronounced enzymuria and glucosuria. In female F344 rats, urinary alkaline phosphatase and glucose were the most sensitive indicators of renal toxicity, reaching levels of, respectively, 157 times and 137 times control values within 24 h of dosing. HQ treatment of male F344 rats also resulted in significant enzymuria, although it was less marked than that seen in female F344 rats. Significant numbers of epithelial cells were also present in the urine from F344 rats at 200 (female) or 400 mg/kg (male and female). SD rats did not show evidence of elevated levels of urinary enzymes or increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) after oral administration of HQ at a dose level of 400 mg/kg. Oral administration of HQ to male and female B6C3F1 mice at 350 mg/kg resulted in only slight but significant increases in BUN.

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“…Adicionalmente, a HQ livre também está presente naturalmente em alguns alimentos e bebidas, tais como em brócolis (0,1 ppm), vinho tinto (0,5 ppm) e café (40 mg/Kg no grão seco; 100 µg/200 mL no produto pronto para o consumo) (IARC, 1987;DEISINGER, et al, 1996;DARRALL et al, 1998;JIN & SATO, 2003;DIMITROVA et al, 2005;THAVARAJAH & LOW, 2006). (NIOSH, 1994;PIFER et al, 1995). No Brasil não ha uma legislação ou norma regulativa com relação a limites de exposição à HQ, porém as fichas de segurança de produtos químicos utilizam os valores determinados pela NIOSH.…”

Section: Hidroquinonaunclassified

“…Como já citado anteriormente, as agências regulamentadoras internacionais ( PIFER et al, 1995). Outro ponto somatório e agravante da exposição a HQ é a exposição ambiental, visto que este agente fenólico esta presente na composição de uma gama variada de alimentos e também presente no ar de grandes centros urbanos na forma de BZ, precursor da HQ (DECAPRIO, 1999;DUARTE et al, 1999;KHALEQUZZAMAN et al, 2010;WHITWORTH et al, 2011).…”

Section: Efeitos Deletérios Da Exposição Ocupacional E Ambiental à Hqunclassified

Caracterização dos efeitos da exposição à hidroquinona sobre o recrutamento leucocitário para o pulmão inflamado

Ribeiro¹

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Mortality study of employees engaged in the manufacture and use of hydroquinone

Cited by 33 publications

References 57 publications

The Toxicology of Hydroquinone — Relevance to Occupational and Environmental Exposure

The Toxicology of Hydroquinone — Relevance to Occupational and Environmental Exposure

Differences in the Nephrotoxicity of Hydroquinone Among Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley Rats and B6c3f1 Mice

Caracterização dos efeitos da exposição à hidroquinona sobre o recrutamento leucocitário para o pulmão inflamado

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