“…This discharge of heavy metal copper ions presents a significant threat to water and soil quality, particularly affecting the liver and gallbladder. − Traditional treatments for copper-containing wastewater, such as chemical precipitation, adsorption methods, ion exchange, thermal condensation, and membrane-based desalination techniques, commonly encounter issues such as high operational costs, low energy utilization rates, scaling, and fouling challenges, as well as the problem of secondary pollution during chemical regeneration. In contrast, capacitive deionization (CDI), as a newly developed and increasingly recognized desalination technique, offers inherent advantages, including remarkable energy efficiency, minimal capital and maintenance expenses, and adaptability, to a wide range of water qualities. − In light of these attributes, a high-efficiency and cost-effective CDI system emerges as a viable solution for effectively removing copper ions from wastewater. ,− …”