“…For example, TGF-β signaling, a driver of EndMT, is up-regulated in both HHT [ 49 , 50 ] and CCM [ 28 , 51 ]. MAP kinase signaling (ERK, p38, JNK) is up-regulated in vascular RASopathies [ 52 ], infantile hemangioma [ 53 ], capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome (CM-AVM) [ 54 ], Parkes-Weber syndrome (PWS) [ 55–57 ], Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) [ 58 ], HHT [ 59 ], and CCM [ 33 ]. Finally, PI3K signaling has recently been identified as an important player in CCM [ 34 ] but also contributes to PWS [ 57 ], SWS [ 58 ], venous malformation (VM and VMCM) [ 60 , 61 ], Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome (KTS) [ 62–64 ], HHT [ 65 ], and multiple PIK3CA syndromes which have associated vascular anomalies [ 66 , 67 ].…”