Mosquito-Borne Diseases, Pesticides Used for Mosquito Control, and Development of Resistance to Insecticides

Abstract

Mosquitoes are one of the most dangerous insects in the world for humanity. Over one million people worldwide die from mosquito-borne diseases every year. Mosquito vectored diseases include protozoan diseases, i.e., malaria, filarial diseases such as dog heartworm, and viral diseases such as dengue, encephalitis, and yellow fever. In addition, mosquitoes transmit several diseases and parasites that dogs and horses are very susceptible too. These include dog heartworm, West Nile virus WNV , and eastern equine encephalitis EEE . Since its discovery, chemical insecticides have represented the most widely method used to control mosquito-borne vectors. However, the effects of chemical insecticides on mosquito vector populations are usually transitory because vectors can rapidly develop resistance against them. Each insecticide triggers the selection of one or more mechanisms of resistance. These mechanisms include changes in the target site of action and metabolic detoxification among others.

LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISOLATED FROM Bt COTTON RHIZOSPHERE SOIL AGAINST ANOPHELES MOSQUITO LARVAE (CULICIDAE)

“…The resurgence of these diseases is due to the increase in mosquito breeding places. These disease-causing insects are generally controlled by conventional insecticides [2]. Further, the indiscriminate use of neurotoxic insecticides caused various environmental toxic problems to non-target organisms and insecticidal resistance [3].…”

CONFRONTATION OF Trichoderma asperellum VSL80 AGAINST Aspergillus niger VIA THE EFFECT OF ENZYMATIC PRODUCTION

“…DNA extraction from A. niger were performed as described by Cuervo-Parra et al (2014). A region of nuclear DNA of each strain (containing the ITS I/5.8s/ITS II sequence) was amplified by PCR using the primers ITS1 and ITS4 (Kendall and Rygiewicz, 2005).…”

“…gov/). Observations of the interaction region between Trichoderma and A. niger were made by SEM pictures according to Cuervo-Parra et al (2014). Cuts were mounted on a pedestal with graphite conductive paint and coated with gold by evaporation method and sputtering (Bozzola, 2007).…”

Essential Oil Compositions of Three Invasive Conyza Species Collected in Vietnam and Their Larvicidal Activities against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus

“…The use of synthetic pesticides for mosquito control has had detrimental effects on the environment [ 25 , 26 ]. They tend to be persistent, toxic to non-target organisms, and insecticide resistance has been steadily increasing in mosquito species [ 27 ]. Essential oils have been suggested as viable, environmentally benign, and renewable alternatives to synthetic pesticides [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”