Mosquito electrocuting traps for directly measuring biting rates and host-preferences of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus outdoors

Meza, Felician C.; Kreppel, Katharina; Maliti, Deodatus; Mlwale, Amos T.; Mirzai, Nosrat; Killeen, Gerry F.; Ferguson, Heather M.; Govella, Nicodem J.

doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2726-x

Cited by 40 publications

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References 63 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…gambiae s.l. from the MET were similar to those of the human landing catch in some studies [87,102]; whereas in others mosquito abundance was underestimated by the MET compared to the HLC [86]. Here it was not possible to directly compare the MET to the HLC because of ethical restrictions in using the latter in an area of high arboviral transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…By facilitating a safe and more direct estimation of the EIR for Aedes-borne viruses, the MET could provide robust and precise entomological indicators of transmission intensity [85][86][87].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…animal-baited traps [72] and human-baited traps [85][86][87].]. Only a few studies have directly compared such alternative trapping methods against the HLC with most being outperformed by the latter [74,75].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Host-seeking mosquitoes are attracted towards the host by odour and heat cues as normal, but are intercepted and killed before landing. In previous trials in Tanzania, the MET matched the performance of the HLC for sampling malaria vectors in rural and urban settings [85][86][87]. This trap has also been used to assess host preference by baiting with human and livestock hosts [87], although it has not yet been evaluated for sampling Aedes vectors.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In previous trials in Tanzania, the MET matched the performance of the HLC for sampling malaria vectors in rural and urban settings [85][86][87]. This trap has also been used to assess host preference by baiting with human and livestock hosts [87], although it has not yet been evaluated for sampling Aedes vectors. If successful in this context, the MET could 7 significantly improve ability to monitor and predict arboviral transmission by facilitating an exposure-free direct estimation of EIR.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Mosquito Electrocuting Trap As An Exposure-Free Method For Measuring Human Biting Rates ByAedesMosquito Vectors

Ortega-López

Pondeville

Kohl

et al. 2019

Preprint

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BackgroundEntomological monitoring of Aedes vectors has largely relied on surveillance of larvae, pupae and non-host-seeking adults, which have been poorly correlated with human disease incidence. Exposure to mosquito-borne diseases can be more directly estimated using Human Landing Catches (HLC), although this method is not recommended for Aedes-borne arboviruses.We evaluated a new method previously tested with malaria vectors, the Mosquito Electrocuting Trap (MET) as an exposure-free alternative for measuring landing rates of Aedes mosquitoes on people. Aims were to 1) compare the MET to the BG-sentinel (BGS) trap gold standard approach for sampling host-seeking Aedes vectors; 2) characterize the diel activity of Aedes vectors and their association with microclimatic conditions. MethodsThe study was conducted over 12 days in Quinindé -Ecuador in May 2017. Mosquito sampling stations were set up in the peridomestic area of four houses. On each day of sampling, each house was allocated either a MET or a BGS trap, which were rotated amongst the four houses daily in a Latin square design. Mosquito abundance and microclimatic conditions were recorded hourly at each sampling station between 07:00-19:00 hours to assess variation between vector abundance, trapping methods, and environmental conditions. All Aedes aegypti females were tested for the presence of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses.3 ResultsA higher number of Ae. aegypti females were found in MET than in BGS collections, although no statistically significant differences in mean Ae. aegypti abundance between trapping methods were found. Both trapping methods indicated female Ae. aegypti had bimodal patterns of host seeking, being highest during early morning and late afternoon hours. Mean Ae. aegypti daily abundance was negatively associated with daily temperature. No infection by ZIKV, DENV or CHIKV was detected in any Aedes mosquitoes caught by either trapping method. ConclusionWe conclude the MET performs at least as well as the BGS standard, and offers the additional advantage of direct measurement of per capita human biting rates. If detection of arboviruses can be confirmed in MET-collected Aedes in future studies, this surveillance method could provide a valuable tool for surveillance and prediction on human arboviral exposure risk. BACKGROUNDMosquito--borne viruses (arboviruses) are an important cause of diseases in humans and animals. In 2017, estimates suggested that mosquitoes were responsible for approximately 137 millions human arboviral infections with dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) being the most important [1]. Arbovirus transmission to humans depends on multiple factors that involve spatial movement and immunity of human populations [2-7], socioeconomic factors and access to basic services (especially water) [8][9][10][11], and the ecology and distribution of the mosquito vectors that transmit them [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. These factors combine to determine the distribution and intens...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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The Mosquito Electrocuting Trap As An Exposure-Free Method For Measuring Human Biting Rates ByAedesMosquito Vectors

Ortega-López

Pondeville

Kohl

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Emergence of behavioural avoidance strategies of malaria vectors in areas of high LLIN coverage in Tanzania

Kreppel

Viana

Main

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Despite significant reductions in malaria transmission across Africa since 2000, progress is stalling. this has been attributed to the development of insecticide resistance and behavioural adaptations in malaria vectors. Whilst insecticide resistance has been widely investigated, there is poorer understanding of the emergence, dynamics and impact of mosquito behavioural adaptations. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of malaria vector host choice over 3 years and resting behaviour over 4 years following a mass long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distribution in Tanzania. By pairing observations of mosquito ecology with environmental monitoring, we quantified longitudinal shifts in host-choice and resting behaviour that are consistent with adaptation to evade LLins. the density of An. funestus s.l., declined significantly through time. In tandem, An. arabiensis and An. funestus s.l. exhibited an increased rate of outdoor relative to indoor resting; with An. arabiensis reducing the proportion of blood meals taken from humans in favour of cattle. By accounting for environmental variation, this study detected clear evidence of intra-specific shifts in mosquito behaviour that could be obscured in shorter-term or temporally-coarse surveys. This highlights the importance of mosquito behavioural adaptations to vector control, and the value of longer-term behavioural studies. Malaria remains a major public health concern in Africa despite a vast reduction in cases and deaths over the last decade 1, 2. Malaria parasites (Plasmodium sp.) are transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, with the primary vectors in Africa belonging to the Anopheles gambiae s.l. species complex and Anopheles funestus group 3. Vector control, primarily using long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), remains the primary strategy for reducing malaria transmission. Both these strategies rely on exploitation of the behavioural predisposition of many African vector species to feed on humans (anthrophagy) and rest inside houses (endophily) 4. These interventions have generated substantial declines in malaria prevalence in many African settings 1 , including the near eradication of highly anthropophagic and endophilic vector species in some areas 5-7. Residual malaria transmission persists even where LLIN and IRS coverage is high 8, 9 due to a combination of biological, social and health systems factors; with adaptive changes occurring in vector populations likely playing a major role. There has been widespread development of physiological insecticide resistance (IR) in vectors 10, 11. Additionally, vectors may adapt their behaviour to minimize contact with insecticides in houses by, for example, biting people before they go to bed, biting and resting outdoors, or switching to feed on livestock instead of humans 12-15. While IR has been extensively investigated and widely documented 16 , there is poorer

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Key Characteristics of Residual Malaria Transmission in Two Districts in South-Eastern Tanzania—Implications for Improved Control

Okumu

Finda

2021

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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After 2 decades of using insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and improved case management, malaria burden in the historically-holoendemic Kilombero valley in Tanzania has significantly declined. We review key characteristics of the residual transmission and recommend options for improvement. Transmission has declined by >10-fold since 2000 but remains heterogeneous over small distances. Following the crash of Anopheles gambiae, which coincided with ITN scale-up around 2005-2012, Anopheles funestus now dominates malaria transmission. While most infections still occur indoors, substantial biting happens outdoors and before bed-time. There is widespread resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates; An. funestus being particularly strongly-resistant. In short and medium-term, these challenges could be addressed using high-quality indoor residual spraying with nonpyrethroids, or ITNs incorporating synergists. Supplementary tools, eg, spatial-repellents may expand protection outdoors. However, sustainable control requires resilience-building approaches, particularly improved housing and larval-source management to suppress mosquitoes, stronger health systems guaranteeing case-detection and treatment, greater community-engagement and expanded health education.

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Mosquito electrocuting traps for directly measuring biting rates and host-preferences of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus outdoors

Cited by 40 publications

References 63 publications

The Mosquito Electrocuting Trap As An Exposure-Free Method For Measuring Human Biting Rates ByAedesMosquito Vectors

The Mosquito Electrocuting Trap As An Exposure-Free Method For Measuring Human Biting Rates ByAedesMosquito Vectors

Emergence of behavioural avoidance strategies of malaria vectors in areas of high LLIN coverage in Tanzania

Key Characteristics of Residual Malaria Transmission in Two Districts in South-Eastern Tanzania—Implications for Improved Control

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