Mosquitocidal and antiplasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis (Cassiae) and Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) from Maruthamalai hills against Anopheles stephensi and Plasmodium falciparum

Abstract

Each year, mosquito-borne diseases infect nearly 700 million people, resulting to more than 1 million deaths. In this study, we evaluated the larvicidal, pupicidal, and smoke toxicity of Senna occidentalis and Ocimum basilicum leaf extracts against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. Furthermore, the antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts was evaluated against chloroquine (CQ)-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In larvicidal and pupicidal experiments, S. occidentalis LC50 ranged from 31.05 (I instar larvae) to 75.15 ppm (pupae), and O. basilicum LC50 ranged from 29.69 (I instar larvae) to 69 ppm (pupae). Smoke toxicity experiments conducted against adults showed that S. occidentalis and O. basilicum coils evoked mortality rates comparable to the pyrethrin-based positive control (38, 52, and 42%, respectively). In antiplasmodial assays, Senna occidentalis 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 48.80 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 54.28 μg/ml (CQ-r), while O. basilicum IC50 were 68.14 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 67.27 μg/ml (CQ-r). Overall, these botanicals could be considered as potential sources of metabolites to build newer and safer malaria control tools.

Toxicity on Dengue Mosquito Vectors Through Myristica fragrans-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanorods, and Their Cytotoxic Effects on Liver Cancer Cells (HepG2)

“…Five days after emergence, females were supplied with a blood meal which was furnished by means of professional heating blood (lamb blood), at a fixed temperature of 38°C and enclosed in a membrane of cow gut. After 30 min, the blood meal was removed and a fresh one was introduced [23].…”

Do Chenopodium ambrosioides-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Impact Oryzias melastigma Predation Against Aedes albopictus Larvae?

“…The extract was filtered using Whatman filter paper n. 1, was stored at -4°C and tested within 5 days. The filtrate was treated with aqueous 1 mM AgNO 3 (Precision Scientific Co., Coimbatore, India) solution in an Erlenmeyer flask and incubated at room temperature [82]. A dark brown solution indicated the formation of AgNP, as aqueous silver ions were reduced by the C. ambrosioides extract generating stable AgNP in water.…”

“…Here, 200 mosquito larvae were introduced, with 1 adult O. melastigma; in plastic cups (2 L) containing dechlorinated water plus 1/3 of the LC 50 calculated against III and IV instar larvae of A. albopictus [82,83]. For each tested mosquito instar, five replicates were conducted.…”

“…Larvicidal Activity in the Field C. ambrosioides ethanolic extract and C. ambrosioides-synthesized AgNP were applied in six external water storage reservoirs in each of two field sites at the National Institute of Communicable Disease Centre (Coimbatore, India).Treatments were carried out using a knapsack sprayer (Private Limited 2008, Ignition Products, India) [82]. Pre-treatment Aedes larval density was monitored.…”

Eco-friendly drugs from the marine environment: spongeweed-synthesized silver nanoparticles are highly effective on Plasmodium falciparum and its vector Anopheles stephensi, with little non-target effects on predatory copepods

“…Kamaraj et al (2012) reported that the leaf extract of Eclipta prostrata showed moderate anti-plasmodial activity against P. falciparum with the IC 50 value of 30 μg/ml. Recently, Murugan et al (2015i) studied that the anti-plasmodial activity of Senna occidentalis and Ocimum basilicum against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQsensitive (CQ-s) strains of P. falciparum; IC 50 of S. occidentalis were 48.80 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 54.28 μg/ml (CQ-r), while O. basilicum IC 50 were 68.14 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 67.27 μg/ml (CQ-r). Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, the anti-plasmodial activity of green-synthesized metal nanoparticles has been scarcely studied (Benelli 2016a, b;.…”