Mosquitoes as Arbovirus Vectors: From Species Identification to Vector Competence

Schulz, Claudia; Becker, Stefanie

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94075-5_9

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 238 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Taken together the unclear host traits of various species indicates that single or multiple species together may be a potential additional source of PPRV-infection depending on various host, virus and/or environmental factors in an ecosystem. For example, stress, concurrent infections, abundance, density and behavior/interaction of host species, virulence, shedding patterns and survival of a virus strain, climate, and anthropogenic practice (e.g., transhumance, land use) [9,[22][23][24][25][26][27]. In general, the basic reproductive number (R 0 ; expected number of secondary infections caused by a typical infected individual in a susceptible population) determines whether a pathogen can cause (i) a major epidemic by sustained transmission (R 0 > 1; maintenance/reservoir host), (ii) a self-limiting outbreaks (0 < R 0 < 1; spillover/recipient host), or (iii) a single event of transmission (R 0 = 0; dead-end spillover/recipient host) [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camelids and Cattle Are Dead-End Hosts for Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus

Schulz

Fast

Wernery

et al. 2019

Viruses

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a severe respiratory disease in small ruminants. The possible impact of different atypical host species in the spread and planed worldwide eradication of PPRV remains to be clarified. Recent transmission trials with the virulent PPRV lineage IV (LIV)-strain Kurdistan/2011 revealed that pigs and wild boar are possible sources of PPRV-infection. We therefore investigated the role of cattle, llamas, alpacas, and dromedary camels in transmission trials using the Kurdistan/2011 strain for intranasal infection and integrated a literature review for a proper evaluation of their host traits and role in PPRV-transmission. Cattle and camelids developed no clinical signs, no viremia, shed no or only low PPRV-RNA loads in swab samples and did not transmit any PPRV to the contact animals. The distribution of PPRV-RNA or antigen in lymphoid organs was similar in cattle and camelids although generally lower compared to suids and small ruminants. In the typical small ruminant hosts, the tissue tropism, pathogenesis and disease expression after PPRV-infection is associated with infection of immune and epithelial cells via SLAM and nectin-4 receptors, respectively. We therefore suggest a different pathogenesis in cattle and camelids and both as dead-end hosts for PPRV.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camelids and Cattle Are Dead-End Hosts for Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus

Schulz

Fast

Wernery

et al. 2019

Viruses

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…None of these three viruses have been identified in the UK; however, to estimate the risk of autochthonous transmission (post-introduction) of these viruses in an unaffected country it is necessary to consider potential native vectors. Several studies have investigated vector competence of European mosquitoes for WNV [30,31], including UK populations [32], and for JEV [28,33,34]. While some mosquito species present both in Europe and the Americas or Oceania have had their vector competence assessed for equine alphaviruses such as VEEV and RRV [35,36], to our knowledge no field-collected European mosquito populations have been experimentally evaluated for alphaviruses affecting equines.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory transmission potential of British mosquitoes for equine arboviruses

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: There has been no evidence of transmission of mosquito-borne arboviruses of equine or human health concern to date in the UK. However, in recent years there have been a number of outbreaks of viral diseases spread by vectors in Europe. These events, in conjunction with increasing rates of globalisation and climate change, have led to concern over the future risk of mosquito-borne viral disease outbreaks in northern Europe and have highlighted the importance of being prepared for potential disease outbreaks. Here we assess several UK mosquito species for their potential to transmit arboviruses important for both equine and human health, as measured by the presence of viral RNA in saliva at different time points after taking an infective blood meal. Results: The following wild-caught British mosquitoes were evaluated for their potential as vectors of zoonotic equine arboviruses: Ochlerotatus detritus for Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Ross River virus (RRV), and Culiseta annulata and Culex pipiens for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Production of RNA in saliva was demonstrated at varying efficiencies for all mosquito-virus pairs. Ochlerotatus detritus was more permissive for production of RRV RNA in saliva than VEEV RNA. For RRV, 27.3% of mosquitoes expectorated viral RNA at 7 days post-infection when incubated at 21 °C and 50% at 24 °C. Strikingly, 72% of Cx. pipiens produced JEV RNA in saliva after 21 days at 18 °C. For some mosquito-virus pairs, infection and salivary RNA titres reduced over time, suggesting unstable infection dynamics. Conclusions: This study adds to the number of Palaearctic mosquito species that demonstrate expectoration of viral RNA, for arboviruses of importance to human and equine health. This work adds to evidence that native mosquito species should be investigated further for their potential to vector zoonotic mosquito-borne arboviral disease of equines in northern Europe. The evidence that Cx. pipiens is potentially an efficient laboratory vector of JEV at temperatures as low as 18 °C warrants further investigation, as this mosquito is abundant in cooler regions of Europe and is considered an important vector for West Nile Virus, which has a comparable transmission ecology.

show abstract

“…This parameter can be determined based on laboratory experiments that determine the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates. These describe, respectively, the presence of the virus in the whole body of the mosquito (detection in the legs, wings, and/or mosquito heads) and the number of mosquitoes with viral particles in their saliva after infection [ 83 ]. Only those mosquitoes in which the virus reaches the saliva are considered to be competent mosquitoes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, it is considered a potential secondary vector [ 12 ]. In addition, other species, e.g., Aedes albopictus , Aedes dorsalis , and Culiseta annulata , although with lower transmission rates, may contribute to JEV transmission upon introduction [ 83 , 87 , 89 , 121 , 128 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, it is considered a potential secondary vector [12]. In addition, other species, e.g., Aedes albopictus, Aedes dorsalis, and Culiseta annulata, although with lower transmission rates, may contribute to JEV transmission upon introduction [83,87,89,121,128]. This map was created based on a study by Peach et al [129], the Invasive Species Compendium of CABI [130], and the ECDC mosquito maps [131].…”

Section: Vectorial Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Interaction with Mosquitoes: A Review of Vector Competence, Vector Capacity and Mosquito Immunity

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus and a major cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia. We provide an overview of the knowledge on vector competence, vector capacity, and immunity of mosquitoes in relation to JEV. JEV has so far been detected in more than 30 mosquito species. This does not necessarily mean that these species contribute to JEV transmission under field conditions. Therefore, vector capacity, which considers vector competence, as well as environmental, behavioral, cellular, and biochemical variables, needs to be taken into account. Currently, 17 species can be considered as confirmed vectors for JEV and 10 other species as potential vectors. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex annulirostris are considered primary JEV vectors in endemic regions. Culex pipiens and Aedes japonicus could be considered as potentially important vectors in the case of JEV introduction in new regions. Vector competence is determined by various factors, including vector immunity. The available knowledge on physical and physiological barriers, molecular pathways, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiome is discussed in detail. This review highlights that much remains to be studied about vector immunity against JEV in order to identify novel strategies to reduce JEV transmission by mosquitoes.

show abstract

Mosquitoes as Arbovirus Vectors: From Species Identification to Vector Competence

Cited by 11 publications

References 238 publications

Camelids and Cattle Are Dead-End Hosts for Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus

Camelids and Cattle Are Dead-End Hosts for Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus

Laboratory transmission potential of British mosquitoes for equine arboviruses

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Interaction with Mosquitoes: A Review of Vector Competence, Vector Capacity and Mosquito Immunity

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About