Mostly in its Backyard: Security Provisions in EU Economic Agreements

Ariel, Jonathan; Haftel, Yoram Z.

doi:10.1111/jcms.13194

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 29 publications

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“…This met some opposition and pushback from member states, who felt the Commission began encroaching on their turf of "traditional" foreign policy, for example on inbound foreign investment screening, where the Commission ultimately acquired advisory power rather than decision-making authority (discussed in Section 4). Conversely, the EU has long concluded bilateral agreements that extend beyond mere commercial purposes (especially with neighbouring and developing countries), where the objective has often been to help third parties' development and stability (Ariel & Haftel, 2021). Yet, the security-related provisions were largely aspirational, lacking monitoring and/or enforcement.…”

Section: Trade and Security Policies In The Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Commerce and Security Meet in the European Union’s Trade Defence Instruments

Garcia-Duran,

Eliasson,

Costa

2023

PaG

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Mercantilist policies, protectionism, Chinese and US violations of the spirit—if not always the rules—of the World Trade Organization, along with supply chain vulnerabilities, trade wars, and illegal state subsidies have all contributed to a rise in the weaponisation of commerce (using trade in response to, or to achieve, political decisions or acts) across the globe. The weaponisation and geo-politicisation of trade pose a challenge for the EU, which is poorly suited for a game of power politics. Its common commercial policy developed separately from the intergovernmental foreign and security policy. The level of exclusive EU competence differs across the two policy domains, as do decision-making processes. Drawing on work addressing ideational and instrumental levels of policy, we discuss how the EU is assessing the international environment through the ideational framework of strategic autonomy, and how this has shaped the construction of new trade defence instruments intended to protect against economic and technology-related security risks. Focusing specifically on trade defence instruments addressing security concerns, which are justified in the 2023 European Economic Security Strategy (especially in the pillar focusing on protecting against economic security risks), we show that the distinction between commercial policy and traditional security concerns is eroding.

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Section: Trade and Security Policies In The Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Commerce and Security Meet in the European Union’s Trade Defence Instruments

Garcia-Duran,

Eliasson,

Costa

2023

PaG

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Migration governance through trade agreements: insights from the MITA dataset

2023

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States struggle to establish multilateral cooperation on migration – yet they include more and more migration provisions in preferential trade agreements (PTAs). This article sheds light on this phenomenon by introducing the Migration Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements (MITA) dataset. Covering 797 agreements signed between 1960 and 2020, this dataset offers a fine-grained coding of three types of migration provisions: those that facilitate the international mobility of service providers and labor migrants, protect migrant rights, and control unauthorized migration. Against the backdrop of limping multilateralism, we examine PTAs’ migration policy content with regard to two key cooperation dilemmas: conflicts of interest within developed countries and between them and developing countries. Facilitating business and labor mobility might be a possible way around the first dilemma, commonly referred to as the ‘liberal paradox': the tension between economic demands for openness and political calls for closure. Nevertheless, this facilitation is largely limited to highly skilled migrants and agreements between developed economies. Provisions for migration control tend to be included in agreements between developed and developing countries, which signals that states use issue-linkages to address the second dilemma, i.e. interest asymmetries. Finally, provisions for migrant rights stand out because they do not deepen over time. Our findings suggest that while PTAs have become an increasingly common venue for migration governance, the issue-linkage between trade and migration cooperation perpetuates entrenched divisions in the international system. The MITA dataset will allow researchers and policymakers to track the evolution of the trade-migration nexus and systematically investigate the motives for and effects of various migration provisions in PTAs.

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The Limits of EU Market Power in Migration Externalization: Explaining Migration Control Provisions in EU Preferential Trade Agreements

Hoffmeyer‐Zlotnik,

Lavenex,

Lutz

2023

J of Common Market Studies

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The European Union (EU) increasingly seeks cooperation with transit and sending countries to prevent irregular migration and enforce returns. Yet, these countries have little incentives to engage in such cooperation. To overcome interest asymmetries, the EU has sought to link trade and migration control in its preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Drawing on a comprehensive dataset of migration provisions in all PTAs signed between 1960 and 2020 and a qualitative analysis of key policy documents, we show that the inclusion of such provisions does not follow patterns of interdependence and strategic priorities resulting from problem pressure. Rather, the proliferation of migration control provisions in EU PTAs is best explained by the institutional framework guiding the negotiation of these provisions. Whilst reflecting the political will to use PTAs as a ‘carrot’ to incite third‐country cooperation, these findings also show the limits of targeted action on migration control via commercial policies.

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Mostly in its Backyard: Security Provisions in EU Economic Agreements

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Commerce and Security Meet in the European Union’s Trade Defence Instruments

Commerce and Security Meet in the European Union’s Trade Defence Instruments

Migration governance through trade agreements: insights from the MITA dataset

The Limits of EU Market Power in Migration Externalization: Explaining Migration Control Provisions in EU Preferential Trade Agreements

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