Mother and infant smiling exchanges during face-to-face interaction in infants with and without Down syndrome

Frontal electroencephalogram asymmetry during affective processing in children with Down syndrome: a pilot study

“…1985; Kasari et al . 1990; Carvajal & Iglesias 1997), although reactions were usually less intense than those of typically developing children, whereas the results of the present study suggest more intense reactions in children with Down syndrome. A dissociation between overt behaviour and underlying psychophysiology may be possible such that children with Down syndrome may have psychophysiological reactions to emotional stimuli that are more intense than those of typically developing children, but they exhibit dampened behavioural responses, perhaps owing to other constraints (e.g.…”

The development of siblings of children with autism at 4 and 14 months: social engagement, communication, and cognition

“…During the reunion episode, infants show more greeting behaviors, positive expressions, and positive affect compared to the first play and still‐face episodes (Gusella, Muir, & Tronick, 1988; Weinberg & Tronick, 1996). Several still‐face studies have been conducted with at‐risk samples, including infants with Down syndrome (Berger & Cunningham, 1986; Carvajal & Iglesias, 1997; Legerstee & Bowman, 1989), in‐uterus exposure to cocaine (Bendersky & Lewis, 1998), prematurity (Gutbrod, St. John, Rust, & Wolke, 2000; Segal et al., 1995), or deafness (Koester, 1995; Koester & Meadow‐Orlans, 1999). Each of these infant samples differed from their typically developing peers in their responses to the still‐face paradigm.…”

The Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) Paradigm in Clinical Settings: Socio-Emotional Regulation Assessment and Parental Support With Infants With Neurodevelopmental Disabilities

“…Previous FFSF research further highlighted difficulties in socio-emotional regulation in infants with ND. For example, the response of 3–13-month-old infants with Down syndrome lacked the typical reduction of positive emotionality to the Still-Face episode ( Carvajal and Iglesias, 1997 ). Moreover, preschool children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder reported the typical still-face effect but exhibited immature regulatory behaviors compared to age-matched typically developing children ( Ostfeld-Etzion et al, 2015 ).…”