When a child is diagnosed with a life threatening condition, one of the most challenging tasks facing healthcare professionals is to communicate this to the child, as well as to their parents or caregivers. Evidence-based guidelines are urgently needed for all healthcare settings, from tertiary referral centres in high income countries to resource limited environments in low and middle income countries, where rates of child mortality are high. We place this narrative review in the context of children's developing understanding of illness and death. We review the impact of communication on children's emotional, behavioural and social functioning, as well as treatment adherence, disease progression and wider family relationships. We consider the factors that influence the process of communication and the preferences of children, families and healthcare professionals about how to convey the diagnosis. Critically, the barriers and challenges to effective communication are explored. Finally, we outline principles for communicating with children, parents and caregivers, generated from a workshop of international experts.
Communication with Children and Adolescents about the Diagnosis of their own Life Threatening ConditionAlan Stein (AS) conceptualized and the designed the review. Louise Dalton (LD), Lucy Hanington (LH), Kim Fredman Stein (KFS) and AS undertook the literature searches and selected the studies. AS, LD and Elizabeth Rapa (ER) gathered the information from the studies and drafted the manuscript. Myra Bluebond-Langner (MBL), Sue Ziebland (SZ), Emily Harrop (EH), Ruth Bland (RB), Brenda Kelly (BK), Tamsen Rochat (TR) and KFS provided specific input to different sections of the manuscript; Communication Expert Group commented on drafts of the manuscript and contributed to the development of the guidelines. LD and ER compiled the tables. All authors have read and approved the final version of the Review.
Conflict of Interest statementsEH declares she is deputy chair of the NICE clinical guideline development committee for NG61 (End of Life Care in Infants, Children and Young People).
All of the other authors declare no Conflicts of Interest
Role of funding sourceThe funder of the study had no role in any aspect of the review.