Mother-Child Interaction and the Socialization Process

Maternal Expectation and the Mother-Child Interaction

“…There is no question that mothers of boys and mothers of girls behave differently (Baurnrind & Black, 1967: Bing, 1963: Hatfield, Ferguson & Alpert, 1967 & Levin, 1957: Solomon et al, 1969. MaternaI attitude and behavior differences have in fact been described both by mothers in interviews (Bing, 1963: Crandall et al, 1964: Moss & Kagan, 1958 and by children on questionnaires (Bronfenbrenner, 1960: Devereux, Bronfenbrenner & Suci, 1963: Dropplemen & Schaeffer, 1963.…”

Sex Differences in Antisocial Behavior: Does Research Methodology Produce or Abolish Them?

“…Since reports on socialization of children identify many spheres in which parents' and teachers' treatment of the two sexes differs (e.g., Serbia et al, 1973;Hoffman, 1972;Minton et at, 1971;Yanao et al, 1971;Hollander and Marcia, 1970;Landauer et al, 1970;Baumrind and Black, 1967;Hatfield et al, 1967;Douvan and Adelson, 1966), it seems likely that gender is important in shaping children's responses to situations (including tests and experimental situa tions). The child's gender, then, would probably be one determinant and pre dictor of the strength of her/his needs for achievement (nAch) and social ap proval (nApp).…”

“…This is a crucial point to keep in mind, because the strength of each of these needs is greater for one sex than for the other. Girls tend to have a greater nApp than boys (Borth, 1975;Maccoby and Jacklin, 1974;Blayney, 1973;Serbia et al, \9TS\Babad, 1972;Nelsen and Rosenbaum, 1972;A shear and Snortum, 1971;Bell et al, 1971;Emmerich, 1971;Meddock et al, 1971;Minton et al, 1971;Bronfenbrenner, 1970;Leventhal and Fischer, 1970;Peder sen and Bell, 1970;Smart and Smart, 1970;Todd andNakamura, 1910: Montanelli andHill, 1969;Tedeschi et al, 1969;Ware, 1969\ Hundleby andCattell, 1968;McDonald, 1968;Hatfield et al, 1967;Sgan, 1967;Wagman, 1967;Maccoby, 1966).…”

“…But precise examination of the items included in their listings in fact reveals power ful support for the thesis that boys have greater nAch and girls nApp. Many of the studies Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) list as contradicting the thesis do not in fact measure nAch (Kimball, 1973;Masters and Christy, 1973;Horner, 1972;Ryan and Strawbridge, 1969;Callard, 1968;Wyer, 1968;Field, 1951;Veroff, 1950) or nApp (Zimmerman and Bell, 1972;Crowder and Hohle, 1970;Todd and Nakamura, 1970;Montanelli and Hill, 1969;Unikel et al, 1969); and some, being adults' ratings of children's needs rather than direct measurements {Coates, 1973;Radin, 1973;Emmerich, 1971;Lansky and McKay, 1969;Hatfield et al. 1967), are subject to uncontrolled and undefined factors.…”

The effects of the mother as a teacher's aid on her child's social behavior

“…Genetically, the parent-child interaction is studied in one of four ways: (a) through questionnaire or interview of parents (Baldwin, Kalhorn, and Breese, 1949); (b) by recorded observation in the home (McCord, McCord and Verden, 1952;Bing, 1963;Hawkins, Peterson, Schweid and Bijon 1966); (c) by bringing the mother and child into an unfamiliar laboratory setting, either structured or unstructured (Zunich 1961, Hess andShipman 1967); or (d) by asking the mother to visit the school and observing parent-child interactions, when the mother is unfamiliar with the environment (Merrill- Bishop, 1951;Hatfield, Ferguson and Alpert, 1967).…”