Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among pregnant women with single, dual or triplex infections of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Objectives: To systematically review literature and identify mother-to-child transmission rates of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among pregnant women with single, dual, or triplex infections of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in Nigeria. PRISMA guidelines were employed. Searches were on 19 February 2021 in PubMed, Google Scholar and CINAHL on studies published from 1 February 2001 to 31 January 2021 using keywords: “MTCT,” “dual infection,” “triplex infection,” “HIV,” “HBV,” and “HCV.” Studies that reported mother-to-child transmission rate of at least any of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among pregnant women and their infant pairs with single, dual, or triplex infections of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in Nigeria irrespective of publication status or language were eligible. Data were extracted independently by two authors with disagreements resolved by a third author. Meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model of DerSimonian and Laird, to produce summary mother-to-child transmission rates in terms of percentage with 95% confidence interval. Protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO: CRD42020202070. The search identified 849 reports. After screening titles and abstracts, 25 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 18 were included for meta-analysis. We identified one ongoing study. Pooled mother-to-child transmission rates were 2.74% (95% confidence interval: 2.48%–2.99%; 5863 participants; 15 studies) and 55.49% (95% confidence interval: 35.93%–75.04%; 433 participants; three studies), among mother–infant pairs with mono-infection of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus, respectively, according to meta-analysis. Overall, the studies showed a moderate risk of bias. The pooled rate of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus was 2.74% and hepatitis B virus was 55.49% among mother–infant pairs with mono-infection of HIV and hepatitis B virus, respectively. No data exists on rates of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus on mono-infection or mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus among mother–infant pairs with dual or triplex infection of HIV, hepatitis B virus and HCV in Nigeria.

Prevalence of HIV infection and associated factors among infants born to HIV-positive mothers in health institutions, northwest Ethiopia, 2021

“…This demonstrates that MTCT continues to affect a large number of infants, although the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health planned and designed MTCT’s abolition. The findings of the current study were higher than the previous studies in Gondar Specialized Hospital (5.5%), 1 West Gojjam (6.1%), 14 Tigray (2.1%), 7 Awasa (4.16%), 15 Ukraine (1.6%), 11 Kenya (5%), 16 Malawi (4.1%), 17 Zambia (6.5%), 18 Nigeria (2.74%), 19 and France (1.5%). 20 The disparity could be attributed to the high coverage of PMTCT interventions in high-income countries versus limited access, lack of awareness, poor service quality, and other factors in resource-limited countries such as Ethiopia.…”

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Triplex Infections (Combined Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus) among Pregnant Women in Nigeria

“…Given that all three of the documented cases of triplex infection occurred during recruitment periods that began before 2012, this obviously has an impact on the findings of the analysis and the prevalence. This may also be the cause of the recently reported moderate-to-low rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and HBV in Nigeria [ 40 ].…”

Triple sexually transmitted infections among pregnant woman in the context of Elimination of mother to child transmission in Southern Ethiopia: Reports from a survey of questionnaires and laboratory studies.

“…Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV remains the main route of HIV infection among children born to HIV-infected women and is a major public health problem in resource-limited settings ( 5 ). Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of human disease and is caused by different types of viruses, such as hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G. However, HBV, HCV, and HEV are known to co-infect with HIV ( 6 – 9 ).…”

“…Second, infants born to HBV- and syphilis-reactive women are at increased risk for MTCT of HIV compared to HIV alone ( 12 , 13 ). The main modes of infection for these STIs are unsafe sexual contact, contaminated blood, and blood products, and vertical mother-to-child transmission ( 5 , 14 , 15 ). Without any intervention, MTCT is 15%–45% for HIV, 10%–90% for HBV, and 30%–100% for syphilis.…”