“…In addition, because CPAN or learning engagement correlated more significantly to children’s academic achievement in primary school years ( Chung, 2015 ), the study targeted elementary school children. Moreover, previous studies have indicated that children’s gender, age, and grade are statistically and significantly correlated to CPAN, learning engagement, family SES, and children’s academic achievement ( Meeus, 2016 ; Guo et al, 2020 ). Thus, the current study included gender, age, and grade as covariates.…”