“…Maintenance of home language and cultures is often important for immigrant communities even in situations when their language is marginalized in public and political discourse, and home may remain the only stronghold domain for immigrant/heritage languages (Meddegama, 2020). Multiple studies have shown associations between immigrants’ and refugees’ choices of home language policies (i.e., a shift to the majority language of the host country or maintenance of their home language) and language attitudes (Alsahafi, 2022; Gogonas & Maligkoudi, 2022; Makarova et al, 2017). Attitudes in general are “favourable, unfavourable or neutral evaluations of an attitude object that can be represented by a person, a product, or a social group” (Ceccoli, 2022, p. 337).…”