Motility and Chemotaxis of Spirochetes

Canale-Parola, E.

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.32.100178.000441

Cited by 126 publications

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“…This seems to be the case in glycolytic thermophiles investigated to date (20,21,30). The enzyme activities measured suggested that the pathway of glucose fermentation was a typical EmbdenMeyerhof-Parnas pathway, with the exception that the phos- (8,10,12,27). In these organisms the resultant pyruvate is further metabolized to acetyl-CoA with concomitant ferridoxin reduction (8,12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The enzyme activities measured suggested that the pathway of glucose fermentation was a typical EmbdenMeyerhof-Parnas pathway, with the exception that the phos- (8,10,12,27). In these organisms the resultant pyruvate is further metabolized to acetyl-CoA with concomitant ferridoxin reduction (8,12). A CoA-dependent pyruvate:MV oxidoreductase (pyruvate synthase) activity was measurable in crude cell extracts of S. thennophila RI 19.B1, presumably with ferridoxin under physiological conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Glucose catabolism by Spirochaeta thermophila RI 19.B1

Janssen

Morgan

1992

J Bacteriol

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Spirochaeta thermophila RI 19.B1 (DSM 6192) fermented glucose to lactate, acetate, C02, and H2 with concomitant formation of cell material. The cell dry mass yield was 20.0 g/mol of glucose. From the fermentation balance data and knowledge of the fermentation pathway, a YATP of 9.22 g of dry mass per mol of ATP was calculated for pH-uncontrolled batch-culture growth on glucose in a mineral medium. Measurement of enzyme activities in glucose-grown cells revealed that glucose was taken up by a permease and then subjected to ATP-dependent phosphorylation by a hexokinase. Glucose-6-phosphate was further metabolized to pyruvate through the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. The phosphoryl donor for phosphofructokinase activity was PP1 rather than ATP. This was also found for the type strain ofS. thermophila, Z-1203 (DSM 6578). PP1 was probably formed by pyrophosphoroclastic cleavage of ATP, with recovery of the resultant AMP by the activity of adenylate kinase. All other measured kinase activities utilized ATP as the phosphoryl donor. Pyruvate was further metabolized to acetyl coenzyme A with concomitant production of H2 and CO2 by pyruvate synthase.Lactate was also produced from pyruvate by a fructose-1,6-diphosphate-insensitive lactate dehydrogenase. Evidence was obtained for the transfer of reducing equivalents from the glycolytic pathway to hydrogenase to produce H2. No formate dehydrogenase or significant ethanol-producing enzyme activities were detected.Studies on carbohydrate catabolism of thermophilic eubacterial anaerobes have been carried out on only a limited range of bacterial types. These have been mainly Clostridium spp. and the related (4) Thermoanaerobium spp. (5,18,(20)(21)(22)30). These organisms all use the Embden-MeyerhofParnas pathway of glucose fermentation (40). This pathway is also used by the thermophilic Acetomicrobium spp. (35,39).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Glucose catabolism by Spirochaeta thermophila RI 19.B1

Janssen

Morgan

1992

J Bacteriol

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“…Contained within this 0s are two PFs [Birch-Andersen et a]. , 1973;Hovind-Hougen, 1976;Holt, 1978;Canale-Parola, 1978;Johnson and Faine, 1984;Ritchie and Ellinghausen, 19651. One PF is subterminally attached to each end (Fig.…”

Section: Leptospira Morphology and Motilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, other poorly characterized spirochetes have been found in association with the hindgut of termites and with protozoans [Canale-Parola, 1978;Holt, 1978;Krieg and Holt, 19841. The length and diameter of the spirochetes vary from species to species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genetic studies have shown that the PFs are involved in the motility of Leptospira [Bromley and Charon, 19791, Spirochaeta [Paster and Canale-Parola, 19801, and Treponema [Limberger and Charon, 19861. In this article we review the basic features of Leptospira motility and recently proposed models, and we indicate specific areas for future study. The motility of spirochetes has been reviewed by Canale-Parola [1978]. However, the motility of Leptospira has a number of unique features, and some important developments have occurred since that review.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motility of the spirochete leptospira

Goldstein

Charon

1988

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

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Spirochetes are a group of bacteria with a unique ultrastructure and a fascinating swimming behavior. This article reviews the hydrodynamics of spirochete motility, and examines the motility of the spirochete Leptospira in detail. Models of Leprospiru motility are discussed, and future experiments are proposed.The outermost structure of Leptospiru is a membrane sheath, and within this sheath are a helically shaped cell cylinder and two periplasmic flagella. One periplasmic flagellum is attached subterminally at either end of the cell cylinder and extends partway down the length of the cell. In swimming cells, each end of the cell may assume either a spiral or a hook shape. Translational cells have the anterior end spiral shaped, and the posterior end hook shaped. In the model of Berg et al., the periplasmic flagella are believed to rotate between the sheath and the cell cylinder. Rotation of the anterior periplasmic flagellum causes the generation of a gyrating spiral-shaped wave. This wave is believed sufficient to propel the cells forward in a low-viscosity medium. The cell cylinder concomitantly rolls around the periplasmic flagella in the opposite direction-which allows the cell to literally screw through a gel-like viscous medium without slippage. This model is presented, and it is contrasted to previous models of Leptospiru motility.

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Spirochaeta

Leschine¹,

Paster²

2015

Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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Spi.ro.chae'ta. Gr. n. speira (L. transliteration spira ) a coil; Gr. fem. n. chaitê (L. transliteration chaete ) hair; N.L. fem. n. Spirochaeta coiled hair. Spirochaetes / Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Spirochaetaceae / Spirochaeta Flexible helical cells 0.2–0.75 μm in diameter and 5–250 μm in length . All species have two periplasmic flagella per cell except Spirochaeta plicatilis , which has many periplasmic flagella. Under unfavorable conditions, spherical cells or structures 0.5–2.0 µm (occasionally up to 10 µm) in diameter are formed. Cells translocate when suspended in liquids and crawl or creep when in contact with solid surfaces. Obligately anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic . Under aerobic growth conditions the facultatively anaerobic species usually produce carotenoid pigments that give a yellow, yellow‐orange, or red coloration to colonies or cells in liquid media. Thermophilic species are known. Optimum temperature range, 25–68°C. Chemo‐organotrophic, using a variety of carbohydrates as carbon and energy sources . The main products of anaerobic carbohydrate metabolism are ethanol, acetate, CO 2 , and H 2 . Under aerobic conditions, facultatively anaerobic species oxidize carbohydrates yielding primarily CO 2 and acetate. Indigenous to aquatic freshwater and marine environments such as the sediments, mud and water of ponds, marshes, swamps, lakes, rivers, and hot springs. Occur commonly in H 2 S‐containing environments. Free‐living . None reported to be pathogenic. DNA G + C content ( mol %): 50–65 (Bd), 45–66 ( T m ), 50–58.5 (HPLC). Type species : Spirochaeta plicatilis Ehrenberg 1835, 313 AL .

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Motility and Chemotaxis of Spirochetes

Cited by 126 publications

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Glucose catabolism by Spirochaeta thermophila RI 19.B1

Glucose catabolism by Spirochaeta thermophila RI 19.B1

Motility of the spirochete leptospira

Spirochaeta

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