Numerous 2′-deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) that are functionalized with spacious modifications such as dyes and affinity tags like biotin are substrates for DNA polymerases. They are widely employed in many cutting-edge technologies like advanced DNA sequencing approaches, microarrays, and single molecule techniques. Modifications attached to the nucleobase are accepted by many DNA polymerases, and thus, dNTPs bearing nucleobase modifications are predominantly employed. When pyrimidines are used the modifications are almost exclusively at the C5 position to avoid disturbing of Watson-Crick base pairing ability. However, the detailed molecular mechanism by which C5 modifications are processed by a DNA polymerase is poorly understood. Here, we present the first crystal structures of a DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus processing two C5 modified substrates that are accepted by the enzyme with different efficiencies. The structures were obtained as ternary complex of the enzyme bound to primer/template duplex with the respective modified dNTP in position poised for catalysis leading to incorporation. Thus, the study provides insights into the incorporation mechanism of the modified nucleotides elucidating how bulky modifications are accepted by the enzyme. The structures show a varied degree of perturbation of the enzyme substrate complexes depending on the nature of the modifications suggesting design principles for future developments of modified substrates for DNA polymerases.modified nucleotide | nucleobase modification | functional DNA | X-ray structure | PCR T he capability of DNA polymerases to accept modified 2′-deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) is exploited in many important biotechnological applications. These include next-generation sequencing approaches (1-3), single molecule sequencing (4), labeling of DNA and PCR amplificates, e.g., for microarray analysis (5-8), DNA conjugation (9), or the in vitro selection of ligands such as aptamers by SELEX (systematic enrichment of ligands by exponential amplification) (10). Furthermore, utilizing the intrinsic properties of DNA in combination with chemically introduced functionalities provides an entry to new classes of nucleic acids-based hybrid materials (9). In most cases the dNTP modifications were introduced to the nucleobase. In cases where pyrimidines are employed the modifications are almost exclusively at the C5 position to avoid disturbing of Watson-Crick base pairing ability (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). In addition, the C5 modification is well accommodated into the major groove of DNA without perturbing the DNA structure. Mainly C5 alkyne modified dNTPs are used because they are accessible via metal mediated cross coupling reactions (21-23) in a straightforward manner. While many C5 modified dNTP analogs are already applied, because they are processed by DNA polymerases at least to some extent, it is still unpredictable which modification will be accepted (8, 11-23) because the detailed molecular mechanism by which C5 modif...