Motivated recruitment of autobiographical memories.

Sanitioso, Rasyid Bo; Kunda, Ziva; Fong, Geoffrey T.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.229

Cited by 324 publications

(306 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…First, by showing that our findings extended to the domain of memory, we contribute to the limited existing research on motivated memory biases, adding equalitymotives to a short list of social-psychological motivations known to influence the information individuals remember (see also Hennes et al, under review;Story, 1988;Sanitioso, Kunda, & Fong, 1990). Second, the empirical paradigm itself has advantages that may be of use to other researchers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

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Hierarchy in the eye of the beholder: (Anti-)egalitarianism shapes perceived levels of social inequality.

Kteily

Sheehy‐Skeffington

2017

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

116

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Debate surrounding the issue of inequality and hierarchy between social groups has become increasingly prominent in recent years. At the same time, individuals disagree about the extent to which inequality between advantaged and disadvantaged groups exists. Whereas prior work has examined the ways in which individuals legitimize (or delegitimize) inequality as a function of their motivations, we consider whether individuals' orientation towards group-based hierarchy motivates the extent to which they perceive inequality between social groups in the first place. Across 8 studies in both realworld (race, gender, and class) and artificial contexts, and involving members of both advantaged and disadvantaged groups, we show that the more individuals endorse hierarchy between groups, the less they perceive inequality between groups at the top and groups at the bottom. Perceiving less inequality is associated with rejecting egalitarian social policies aimed at reducing it. We show that these differences in hierarchy perception as a function of individuals' motivational orientation hold even when inequality is depicted abstractly using images, and even when individuals are financially incentivized to accurately report their true perceptions. Using a novel methodology to assess accurate memory of hierarchy, we find that differences may be driven by both anti-egalitarians underestimating inequality, and egalitarians overestimating it. In sum, our results identify a novel perceptual bias rooted in individuals' chronic motivations towards hierarchy-maintenance, with the potential to influence their policy attitudes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Documenting effects of motivated cognition on memory, recent work showed that individuals motivated to deny climate change were more likely to recall information in an article or video describing human contributions to climate change in system-exonerating Story, 1988;Sanitioso, Kunda, & Fong, 1990). …”

Section: Evidence For Motivated Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchy in the eye of the beholder: (Anti-)egalitarianism shapes perceived levels of social inequality.

Kteily

Sheehy‐Skeffington

2017

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

116

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“…Support for this interpretation comes from studies in which tendencies to bask in reflected glory or to engage in self-enhancing downward comparison were increased by procedures, such as failing at an ego-involving task or learning that one possesses undesirable personality traits, that temporarily lowered subjects' self-esteem (e.g., Cialdini & Richardson, 1980;Crocker, Thompson, McGraw, & Ingerman, 1987). Further support comes from studies in which subjects are shown to be biased toward embracing, as self-descriptive, whichever of two opposing traits (extraversion or introversion) is presented as being predictive of personal success (Kunda & Sanitioso, 1989;Sanitioso, Kunda, & Fong, 1990).…”

Section: Second-order Implicit Self-esteem Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

Greenwald

Banaji

1995

Psychological Review

5,227

112

3,659

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Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusionthat attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation-extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures-which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.Long before they became central to other areas of psychological theory, concepts of cognitive mediation dominated the analysis of social behavior. The constructs on which this article focuses achieved early prominence in social psychological theory with formulations that were partly (attitude) or entirely (stereotype) cognitive. By the 1930s, Allport (1935) had declared attitude to be social psychology's "most distinctive and indispensable concept" (p. 798), Thurstone (1931;Thurstone & Chave, 1929) had developed quantitatively sophisticated methods for attitude measurement, and Braly (1933, 1935) had introduced a method that is still in use to investigate stereotypes. Self-esteem, an attitudinal construct to which this article gives separate treatment because of its prominence in recent research, also has a long-established history (e.g., James, 1890; see overview in Wylie, 1974Wylie, , 1979.Through much of the period since the 1930s, most social psychologists have assumed that attitudes, and to a lesser extent stereotypes, operate in a conscious mode. This widespread assumption of conscious operation is most evident in the nearuniversal practice of operationalizing attitudes (including selfesteem) and stereotypes with direct (instructed self-report) measures. The pervasiveness of direct measurement for attitudes and stereotypes was documented by Greenwald (1990) and by Banaji and Greenwald (1994) and is further reviewed below. In contrast, this article describes an indirect, unconscious, or implicit mode of operation for attitudes and stereotypes. 1 Anthony G. Greenwald, Department of Psychology, University of Washington; Mahzarin R. Banaji, Department of Psychology, Yale University.Preparation of this report as well as conduct of some of the research reported in it were supported by National Science Foundation Grants DBC-9205890 and DBC-9120987 and by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH-41328. We thank...

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“…the 10 commandments; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics). Consequently, morality is central for both the private and the public self (Chaiken, Giner-Sorolla, & Chen, 1996;Greenwald, 1980;Sanitioso, Kunda, & Fong, 1990). Third, exposing ethical failure is associated with embarrassment, shame, or guilt and might further extend to tangible losses such as fines, forced resignation, and even time behind bars.…”

Section: Ethical Dissonance and Cognitive Dissonancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moral values are a central component of a person's positive self-image (Chaiken, Giner-Sorolla, & Chen, 1996). People desire to perceive themselves as honest and deserving, and strongly believe in their own morality (Greenwald 1980;Sanitioso, Kunda, & Fong, 1990). For instance, about 84% of the respondents in a study with large samples of adolescents, university students, and adults reported being moral and considered their morality to be central to their private and public identities (Aquino & Reed, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The pot calling the kettle black: Distancing response to ethical dissonance.

Barkan

Ayal

Gino

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

148

115

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Six studies demonstrate the -pot calling the kettle black‖ phenomenon whereby people are guilty of the very fault they identify in others. Recalling an undeniable ethical failure, people experience ethical dissonance between their moral values and their behavioral misconduct.Our findings indicate that to reduce ethical dissonance, individuals use a double-distancing mechanism. Using an overcompensating ethical code, they judge others more harshly and present themselves as more virtuous and ethical (Studies 1, 2, 3). We show this mechanism is exclusive for ethical dissonance and is not triggered by salience of ethicality (Study 4), general sense of personal failure, or ethically-neutral cognitive dissonance (Study 5). Finally, it is characterized by some boundary conditions (Study 6). We discuss the theoretical contribution of this work to research on moral regulation and ethical behavior.

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Motivated recruitment of autobiographical memories.

Cited by 324 publications

References 31 publications

Hierarchy in the eye of the beholder: (Anti-)egalitarianism shapes perceived levels of social inequality.

Hierarchy in the eye of the beholder: (Anti-)egalitarianism shapes perceived levels of social inequality.

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

The pot calling the kettle black: Distancing response to ethical dissonance.

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