“…For example, SMS-based communication has been used to reduce frictions in rural labor and agricultural markets (Fabregas et al, 2019). Messages have also been used to enhance individuals' knowledge and health behaviors (Holst et al, 2021;He et al, 2023), and to motivate bureaucrats (Dustan et al, 2023). These examples all rely on employers, employees, citizens, and bureaucrats to open, read, and consume the content of messages.…”